Adsorptive Removal of Crystal Violet from Water by Chemically Modified Coconut Shell
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Adsorptive Removal of Crystal Violet from Water by Chemically Modified Coconut Shell Indira Carolina Brito Pires 1 & Iuri Custodio Montes Candido 1 & Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira 1 Received: 21 February 2020 / Revised: 23 June 2020 / Accepted: 25 June 2020 # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
Abstract In this study, samples of pristine and chemically modified coconut shells are used as adsorbents for the removal of crystal violet from an aqueous solution. The modification based on NaOH treatment of coconut shell fibers was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The dye uptake efficiency was evaluated by determining the variation in dye concentration, pH, adsorbent mass, and reaction time. The equilibrium condition of the overall process was analyzed by standard methods (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin isotherms), while kinetics were evaluated using the pseudo-first-order/pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion models. Keywords Adsorption . Coconut . Crystal violet . Wastewater . Chemical treatment
Introduction The rapid development of the synthetic dye industry (paper, leather, plastics, and food derivatives) has led to an increase in the production of wastewater. The disposal of organic compounds in the environment has resulted in bioaccumulation, which poses a risk to all life on earth [1–4]. As reported by Verma and Sarkar [5], a significant percentage of dyes (10–15%) are released during processing operations, which is a major source of environmental contamination. The characteristic high-efficiency light absorption of dyes inhibits the sunlight penetration and the resulting photosynthetic metabolism, which leads to a reduction in the dissolved oxygen content [6]. The complex structure of dyes and their high stabilities in water are additional barriers for strategies aiming to facilitate the degradation of dyes [7]. The removal of organic dyes from wastewater is achieved by using conventional methods such as ultrafiltration [5],
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-020-00090-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira [email protected] 1
Institute of Materials Science, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Juazeiro, BA 48920-310, Brazil
electrocoagulation [8], photocatalytic degradation [9], ozonation [10], oxidative degradation [11], and adsorption [12]. Adsorption has emerged as one of the most promising methods for the removal of contaminants due to its easy handling, high efficiency, and low cost. The effective adsorption procedure depends on the available surface area [13] and the functionalization of the adsorbent surface [14–16]. A few of the typical procedures for the production of highly efficient adsorbents include the preparation of nanohydrogel sheets from biopolymers such as guar gum-crosslinked-soya lecithin [14] and carboxymethyl cell
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