Algal Biomass for Biofuels and Bioproducts
In recent times, due to rapid consumption of fossil fuels and increased pollution levels, the demand for biofuels has been on raise. Currently the resources utilized for biofuel production are derived through conventional agriculture; it may pose a signif
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Identification of Potential Strain 3 Cultivation of Microalgae 3.1 Open Ponds 3.2 Closed Cultivation System 4 Modes of Cultivation 4.1 Heterotrophic Cultivation 4.2 Mixotrophic Cultivation 5 Site Selection and Resources Requirement 6 Factors Affecting Microalgae Growth Rate 7 Harvesting Techniques 7.1 Flocculation 7.2 Gravity-Based Technologies 7.3 Filtration-Based Separation Technologies 8 Post-Harvest Processing: Conversion of Microalgal Biomass to Biofuels and Bioproducts 9 Utilization of Wastewater for Microalgae Cultivation 10 Bioenergy Options from Microalgal Biomass 11 Conclusions References
Abstract In recent times, due to rapid consumption of fossil fuels and increased pollution levels, the demand for biofuels has been on raise. Currently the resources utilized for biofuel production are derived through conventional agriculture; it may pose a significant danger to food security. Switching over in the direction of third
B. Srinivasan (*) Department of Industrial Chemistry, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia e-mail: [email protected] G. Kulshreshtha Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Manuel Jerold, Santhiagu Arockiasamy, and Velmurugan Sivasubramanian (eds.), Bioprocess Engineering for Bioremediation: Valorization and Management Techniques, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_580, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
B. Srinivasan and G. Kulshreshtha
generation biofuels (from algae) is one among the best possible solutions for this problem. Moreover algae contain substantial quantity of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, thereby making them as a potential candidate for the manufacture of biofuels like bioethanol, biohydrogen, biodiesel, biobutanol, etc. Apart from biofuel production, algae can also be able to produce valuable products like omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, protein-rich supplements, etc. This chapter offers an insight into the modern practices being followed in the manufacture of biofuel like screening of potential strains, avoiding contamination risks, optimization of mass cultivation conditions, easy harvesting, and extraction methods. The key concerns of these process and opportunities on the employment of algal biomass in multiple applications like fuel, food, and environment will also be discussed. Keywords Algal biomass, Biofuels, Bioproducts, Extraction techniques, Optimization
Abbreviations BOD COD DAB FAME HTL PBR PUFA
Biological oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand Dry algal biomass Fatty acid methyl esters Hydrothermal liquefaction Photobioreactor Polyunsaturated fatty acids
1 Introduction In the current era due to fast population growth and exhausting exploitation of non-renewable fossil fuel resources, there is an increasing demand for energy and resources. Therefore the requirement for alternative resources and processes is becoming impellent. A sustainable development approach should be able to reduce greenhouse effect and produce energy from non-fossil sources,
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