Analyzing the Tourism Development and Ecological Footprint Nexus: Evidence From the Countries With Fastest-Growing Rate
Sustainable development is a holistic approach that aims to do future-friendly planning with its economic, environmental and social dimensions by establishing a balance between the needs of human life and the sustainability of natural resources. Tourism,
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Analyzing the Tourism Development and Ecological Footprint Nexus: Evidence From the Countries With Fastest-Growing Rate of Tourism GDP Ilyas Okumus and Sinan Erdogan Abstract Sustainable development is a holistic approach that aims to do futurefriendly planning with its economic, environmental and social dimensions by establishing a balance between the needs of human life and the sustainability of natural resources. Tourism, contributing to the economic development of both developed and developing countries, includes environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable development with this structure. Therefore, analyzing tourism development and environmental quality nexus is a crucial issue for policymakers to design effective policies for a sustainable life. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of tourism investments on the ecological footprint in the six countries (Ecuador, Egypt, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Tunisia and Sri Lanka), which are in the top 20 countries, fastest-growing in terms of tourism GDP over the period of 1995–2014. In addition to tourism investments, our quadratic EKC model includes economic growth, energy use and individual internet use as independent variables. Empirical findings reveal that tourism investments and internet uses have negative impacts on ecological footprint. On the other hand, energy consumption increases environmental degradation. Also, the existence of the EKC is confirmed in these countries. Keywords Tourism investments · Ecological footprint · Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis
I. Okumus (B) Department of Public Finance, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] S. Erdogan Department of Economics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 D. Balsalobre-Lorente et al. (eds.), Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Clean Energy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59675-0_8
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8.1 Introduction Sustainable development is one of the most crucial pathways to combat global climate crisis issues. According to the IPCC (2019), the rise in global temperatures in the period 1951–2010 was precisely due to human activities. This increasing temperature in recent years has caused extreme weather events. The extreme weather events show its effects all over the world, from drought and record temperatures in northern Europe to forest fires in the US, heatwaves in China and drought to the extraordinarily powerful monsoon that devastated vast areas of South India. If the human activities that cause about 1 °C global warming compared to the pre-industrial period continue, it will cause the temperature to exceed the 1.5 °C limit between 2030 and 2050. The 1.5 °C limit is critical to sustainable development and poverty prevention. Limiting global warming to 1.5 °C means avoiding many permanent effects on ecological systems and habitats. To limit 1.5 °C of global war
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