Anxiety determination by antibody-conjugated nanoparticles on an interdigitated electrode sensor
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Anxiety determination by antibody‑conjugated nanoparticles on an interdigitated electrode sensor Xijian Wang1 · Subash C. B. Gopinath2,3 · Jiexing Li1 Received: 19 April 2020 / Accepted: 27 June 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract This work focused on the detection of cortisol on an interdigitated electrode sensor surface using an anti-cortisol antibody. To improve immobilization, antibodies were conjugated with silver nanoparticles and attached to the surface of the sensor. Cortisol interacted in a dose-dependent manner on the antibody-immobilized sensor surface, and current changes were observed. Linear regression analysis was performed by a 3σ calculation, and the limit of detection fell into the range of 0.01 and 0.1 ng/mL. The sensitivity of cortisol was calculated to be 0.01 ng/mL and the sensor discriminated against other hormones, namely norepinephrine and progesterone, with higher selectivity for cortisol. This result represented the selective detection of cortisol with high performance, which can help to determine anxiety disorders. Keywords Anxiety · Cortisol · Electrochemical sensor · Nanomaterial · Silver nanoparticle
Introduction Anxiety is a common mental disorder affecting health, which leads to fear, depression, nervousness, worry and apprehension (Khan et al. 2017). Anxiety disturbs occupational achievement and the quality of daily life and promotes economic pressure. Unbalanced hormones play a major role in causing anxiety disorders. Hormones, such as cortisol (a stress hormone), estrogen, testosterone (sex hormones) and thyroid hormone, are primarily responsible for several physiological disorders. Among them, the stress hormone cortisol plays a major role in anxiety disorders (Liu et al. 2019). * Jiexing Li [email protected] Xijian Wang [email protected] Subash C. B. Gopinath [email protected] 1
Department of Psychiatry, Southeast Corner of the Intersection of Aerospace Avenue and Baomao Expressway, Xi’an Mental Health Center, Chang’an District, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
2
School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Malaysia
3
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis secretes the steroid hormone cortisol and is involved in various processes in our body, such as regulating the immune response and metabolism. In addition, cortisol has exclusive roles in improving memory formulation, participating in amino acid conversion, enhancing gluconeogenesis, reducing pain and cleaving proteins. It has been suggested that cortisol is released at increased stress levels and is considered to be a suitable biomarker for anxiety. In general, the level cortisol is higher upon waking up and decreases at night. Heightened or unbalanced cortisol has been found in an anxiety patient, and this person had a physiological disorder (Vreeburg et al. 2013; Khan et al. 2017). Moreover, a study found that patient
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