Ultra-selective determination of carbofuran by electrochemical sensor based on nickel oxide nanoparticles stabilized by
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Ultra‑selective determination of carbofuran by electrochemical sensor based on nickel oxide nanoparticles stabilized by ionic liquid Hadi Baksh1 · Jamil A. Buledi1 · Nadir H. Khand1 · Amber R. Solangi1 · Arfana Mallah2 · Syed Tufail Sherazi1 · M. Ishaque Abro3 Received: 24 April 2020 / Accepted: 22 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this work, an electrochemical sensor based on glassy carbon electrode modified with nickel oxide nanoparticles assisted by ionic liquid was developed for selective determination of carbofuran in green vegetables. Controlled synthesis of NiO nanoparticles was carried out by aqueous chemical growth procedure. Synthesized NiO nanoparticles were found to be ostensible candidate for selective determination of carbofuran, which is a highly toxic and hazardous pesticide. The crystallinity and morphology of as-synthesized NiO was confirmed by XRD, EDXS, and SEM. The average size of IL-assisted NiO nanoparticles was calculated to be 22.7 nm. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to compare the electrochemical behavior of NiO nanoparticles-modified glassy carbon electrode using IL with bare glassy carbon electrode by discriminating oxidation peak current response. For the determination of carbofuran, the linear dynamic range for IL-assisted NiO nanoparticles was achieved as 5.0–305 µM with limit of detection 0.5 µM. The developed sensor was successfully applied for selective determination of carbofuran in real samples of green vegetables with the percent recoveries observed from 93.3 to 103.5. Graphic abstract
Keywords Nickel oxide nanoparticles · Ionic liquid · Electrochemical determination · Carbofuran
Introduction
* Amber R. Solangi [email protected] 1
National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
2
M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
3
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
From the past few decades, massive research has been carried out on the detection of toxic pollutants, particularly pesticide being an apparent aspirant in the detection tools. Amongst the lethal pesticides, carbamate has been vastly employed in different agricultural fields to control the insects that severely damage cultivated crops and foods, because it prevents cholinesterase. Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) is one of the most perilous carbamate pesticides having fatal and incurable effects both on humans and the wildlife animals. It destroys the nerve system and causes immunological respiratory
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disease [1–3]. There is extensive use of various pesticides for agricultural as well as non-agricultural purposes that are easily released into the drinking water and edible foods, and it becomes almost impossible to avoid the exposure of pesticides which massively exist in the environment [4, 5]
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