Bacterial cross talk with gut microbiome and its implications: a short review
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REVIEW
Bacterial cross talk with gut microbiome and its implications: a short review Rajesh P Shastry 1
&
P D Rekha 1
Received: 3 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 # Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. 2020
Abstract Human gut microbiota exists in a complicated symbiotic relationship which postulates to impact health and disease conditions on the host. Interestingly, the gut microbiome shows different mechanisms to regulate host physiology and metabolism including cell-to-cell communications. But microbiota imbalance is characterized to change in the host normal functioning and lead to the development and progression of major human diseases. Therefore, the direct cross talk through the microbial metabolites or peptides suggests the evidence of host health and disease. Recent reports highlight the adaptation signals/small molecules promoting microbial colonization which allows modulating immunity of host and leads to pathogen colonization. Moreover, quorum sensing peptides are also evident in the involvement of host disease conditions. Here, we review the current understanding of the gut microbiota cross talk with mammalian cells through metabolites and peptides. These studies are providing insight into the prediction of signature molecules which significantly provide information for the understanding of the interaction for precision medicine applications. Keywords Gut microbiome . Cross talk . Immunity . Quorum sensing . Peptides
Introduction The human gut microbiome is one of the most complexes of the body sites harbouring a large number of microorganisms, namely fungi, protozoa, viruses, archaea, and predominantly bacteria, that influence on physiological and metabolic activity of the host. Compared with other parts of the body, the gut microbiome is linked with relatively higher microbial redundancy and related activity (reviewed from Thomas et al. 2017). The diversity of gut microbiome is varies with host including diet, age, genetics, geography, pregnancy, socioeconomic status, and health status (Shetty et al. 2013; Johnson 2020). The human gut microbiota is estimated to be around 1013 to 1014 microbial cells, predominantly composed of bacterial phyla, namely Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria (Sender et al. 2016). Until recent decades, due to limitation of technology, roles of the human gut and microbiome interactions have been limitedly explored. The * Rajesh P Shastry [email protected] 1
Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
large genome and metagenome projects including human microbiome, meta-omics projects, and whole-genome shotgun (WGS) metagenomic sequencing has facilitated understanding of organismal and functional data of human microbiota (Methé et al. 2012). Interestingly, understanding the role of the human gut and microbiota cross talk is still at its preliminary stage, but clinical significance demands the human microbiome research in disease pathog
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