Barium Hydrogen Phosphate Electrodes for High Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B in N
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Barium Hydrogen Phosphate Electrodes for High Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B in Neutral Medium: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology E. Amaterz 1,2 & A. Bouddouch 1,3 & A. Tara 2 & A. Taoufyq 1 O. Jbara 2
&
Z. Anfar 1 & B. Bakiz 1 & L. Bazzi 1 & A. Benlhachemi 1 &
Accepted: 2 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Barium hydrogen phosphate (BaHPO4) thin films were electrodeposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and used as electrocatalysts for organics degradation. The effects of applied current density and deposition time on the phase and morphology of electrodeposited films were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (Mott–Schottky) plots, and photocurrent response. The electrodeposited BaHPO4 films crystallize in the orthorhombic structure and form platelets on the FTO substrate. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the operational conditions. Four independent process variables were considered: NaCl concentration, rhodamine B (RhB) initial concentration, applied current density, and reaction time. Based on the model prediction, the optimum conditions for RhB degradation were determined with the maximum RhB degradation of 98.78%. The corresponding experimental value of RhB degradation under the optimum conditions was determined as 99%, which is very close to the optimized one, implying that RSM is a powerful strategy for the process optimization. The photoelectrochemical degradation of RhB, performed at optimal operational conditions, allowed the very fast degradation rates of almost 99% during 7 min due to the synergic effect while combining photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Keywords Advanced oxidation processes . Electrodeposition . Barium hydrogen phosphates . Response surface methodology . Photoelectrocatalysis
Introduction Water pollution is considered a serious environmental issue in the world as there is an increase demand for clean and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-020-00625-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * A. Taoufyq [email protected] 1
Laboratoire Matériaux et Environnement (LME), Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, BP 8106, cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco
2
Institut de Thermique, Mécanique, Matériaux (ITheMM), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
3
Institut Matériaux Microélectronique et Nanosciences de Provence, Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NP, Toulon, France
affordable water. Several papers have proved that organic dyes in wastewaters discharged into different environmental components present major concerns especially to human health [1–5]. To counter this problem, researchers are looking for solutions including new
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