Bifenthrin in the tropical sugarcane ecosystem: persistence and environmental risk assessment
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Bifenthrin in the tropical sugarcane ecosystem: persistence and environmental risk assessment Thirumalaiandi Ramasubramanian 1
&
Mariappan Paramasivam 2
Received: 30 April 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Termites are one of the major pests of sugarcane. Bifenthrin has label claim for use against sugarcane termites and is applied at the time of planting over the cane setts in the furrows. A thorough knowledge on the dissipation kinetics of bifenthrin in the soil and cane setts provides an insight into its dynamic behavior in the soil–plant–environment continuum, and hence, was studied in detail. The recoveries of the method adopted to determine the residues of bifenthrin in the soil, sugarcane setts, stem, and leaf were in the range of 92.78–98.19% at three levels of fortification ranged between 0.01 and 0.1 μg/g of matrix. At the recommended dose (100 g a.i./ha), bifenthrin was found to persist in the soil and cane setts up to 60 and 75 days after treatment (DAT) with the half-lives of 16.4 and 25.0 days, respectively. The dissipation kinetics of bifenthrin followed the biphasic model. At double the recommended dose, the residues persisted up to 75 DAT and reached below the detectable limit (< 0.01 μg/g) on 90 DAT both in the soil and setts. The half-life of bifenthrin was 22.0 days in the sandy clay loam soil and 17.6 days in/on the sugarcane setts. In the present study, dissipation by photolysis has been ruled out, as the treated setts were not exposed to sunlight. This could be one of the reasons for longer persistence of bifenthrin in the sugarcane setts up to 75 DAT with the half-life of more than 2 weeks. The bifenthrin residues were not detected in the leaf and stem of sugarcane plant throughout the experimental period. There could be harmful effects to earthworms (risk quotient > 1.0) due to the presence of bifenthrin residues in the soil of tropical sugarcane ecosystem. Keywords Bifenthrin . Residues . Persistence . Half-life . Sugarcane . Risk assessment
Introduction Sugarcane is an important cash crop cultivated worldwide largely for sugar and ethanol. In India, sugarcane was cultivated in an area of 4.73 million ha with the record production and productivity of 376.91 million t and 79.6 t/ha during
Responsible editor: Thomas D. Bucheli Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10757-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Thirumalaiandi Ramasubramanian [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 007, India
2
Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India
2017–2018 (NFCSF 2019). Thus, Indian subcontinent accounts for about 19% of the world’s sugarcane production and ranks second nex
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