Biodegradation of Acid Yellow Using Laccase Produced by Bacillus sp. Strain TR and its In-Silico Modeling of the Dye Deg
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Biodegradation of Acid Yellow Using Laccase Produced by Bacillus sp. Strain TR and its In‑Silico Modeling of the Dye Degradation System P. Thiyagarajan1 · A. Sengottaiyan1 · K. Selvam1 · C. Sudhakar1 · Ashraf Y. Z. Khalifa2,3 · V. Aroulmoji4 · T. Selvankumar1 Accepted: 22 December 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The decolourization of the azo dye (acid yellow) by laccase from Bacillus sp. strain TR under submerged fermentation (SmF) was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The laccase maximum yield was achieved at 96 h of SmF with pH 7.0, 1.0 g/L of maltose and 3.0 g/L of ammonium acetate at 37 °C. The enzyme yield was estimated that 570 U/ mL. About 76.4% of acid yellow decolourization efficiency was observed by the laccase enzyme within 96 h. The substrate surface changes were observed before and after the laccase treatment was analyzed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and N = N transformation either nitrogen or ammonia was showed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The HPLC analysis explained the formation of various intermediates in the conversion of acid yellow to final products. Further, in silico studies proved the enzyme–substrate interactions and showed a better score of − 27.435 kJ/mol. Keywords Bacillus sp strain TR · Decolourization · Laccase · Molecular docking · Response surface methodology
Introduction In worldwide growth of textile industry and its technological development are responsible for environmental contamination and public safety. Using the azo (–N = N–) dyes in the textile industry are widely used due to cost-effective and high stability (Shantkriti et al. 2019; Kadam et al. 2018). Almost 10–15% of suspended azo dyes is released as effluent after application into the water bodies and persists as ecotoxic pollutants. Due to accumulation, dyes may cause toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenic nature leads to harmful to the living environment (Iark et al. 2019; Chung. 2016; * T. Selvankumar [email protected] 1
PG & Research Department of Biotechnology, Mahendra Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Kalippatti, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637 501, India
2
Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al‑Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
3
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni‑Suef, Egypt
4
Center for Research and Development, Mahendra Engineering College, Mallasamudram, Namakkal District 637 503, India
Kagalkar et al. 2015). Azo dye contaminated effluents are poorly treated, which directly discharged into the environment it will affect groundwater pH, soil infertility (Wang et al. 2018). Hence, the enhanced, low-cost and environmentally friendly effluent treatment system is necessary to remove azo dye from wastewater. Numerous physicochemical methods such as photocatalytic ozonation (Pandian et al. 2018), adsorption (Lei et al. 2018), precipitation (Zhu et al. 2007), coagulation (Lee et al. 2006) and flocculation (Lau et al. 2015) have been used for azo
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