Biological Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide and Its Protective Role in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
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Biological Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide and Its Protective Role in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Jiaxin Zhang 1,2 & Haiyan Shan 3 & Luyang Tao 2 & Mingyang Zhang 1,2 Received: 6 March 2020 / Accepted: 19 May 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has extremely high morbidity and mortality, substantially impacting public health. Studying the pathophysiological mechanisms of ICH is a complicated undertaking, and there remains a lack of effective medical treatment for improving ICH survival rates and promoting recovery. This review describes the preclinical studies of intracerebral hemorrhage that have been performed to date in detail, including different methods used to establish animal models and identify the cellular mechanisms involved after ICH. Recently, it was reported that the endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway is downregulated in the brain after ICH. Thus, exogenous H2S may have therapeutic potential by rescuing the decreased levels of endogenous H2S level after injury. Furthermore, we also discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in the protective effects of H2S and how these effects may have therapeutic use to treat and prevent ICH-induced neuronal injury. Keywords Hydrogen sulfide . Intracerebral hemorrhage . Cell death . Pyroptosis . Ferroptosis
Introduction It is clear that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is present in the brain and originates from different sources (Kamat et al. 2015). Furthermore, H2S plays an important role in physiology and shows great potential in the treatment of many types of diseases. However, this finding was disproved based on studies showing in the central nervous system (CNS); H2S is more likely to be derived directly from the CNS than from the blood (Kim et al. 2011; Whiteman et al. 2004). In general, the endogenous H2S pathway has been reported to be downregulated in the brain after ICH (Ravanan et al. 2017). These results have led to some studies putting forward the hypothesis that the recovery of H2S may have significant effects in the Jiaxin Zhang and Haiyan Shan contributed equally to this work. * Luyang Tao [email protected] * Mingyang Zhang [email protected]
treatment and prognosis of ICH, and some investigations have elucidated the potential mechanism of H2S on ICH (Fig. 1). Based on these findings, it is necessary and urgent to further study the molecular mechanisms of the importance of H2S after ICH.
Production, Metabolism, and Modulation of Hydrogen Sulfide H2S has a unique odor of rotten eggs and used to be considered as a toxic gas (Tan et al. 2017). In 1996, Abe and Kimura first proposed that H2S may act as an endogenous regulator of neurons at physiological doses (Abe and Kimura 1996). Since then, the physiological effects of hydrogen sulfide have been gradually investigated and identified. Currently, H2S, which is recognized as the third gaseous transmitter and a new signaling molecule together with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, has a distinct set of functions in biologica
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