Blood Flow Restriction as an Exercise Alternative to Ameliorate the Effects of Aging
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PHYSICAL THERAPY AND REHABILITATION (O ADDISON, SECTION EDITOR)
Blood Flow Restriction as an Exercise Alternative to Ameliorate the Effects of Aging Alexis Ortiz 1 & Eric Arguello 2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise is a recent and novel intervention showing promising results in counteracting several physiological effects related to aging, leading to disability in older adults. The purpose of this paper is to review recent literature within the last 5 years on the effectiveness of BFR training in older adults. Recent Findings BFR performed during light load (20–30% of one-repetition maximum) resistance exercise have showed to enhance musculoskeletal and cardiometabolic health in healthy and frail older adults without any adverse events. Other novel findings are improvements in mobility and gait after performing a BFR training intervention. Summary Including BFR simultaneously with resistance exercise increases bone and muscle mass primarily through several hormonal pathways at the same time it enhances cardiovascular function without any adverse events. The improvements in mobility and gait are indicators of greater health-related quality of life minimizing disability in older adults. Keywords Muscle mass . Bone . Endothelial function . Frail
Introduction Older adults exhibit a decrease in muscle and bone mass as part of the aging process leading to reduced mobility that may increase the risk for disability. While resistance exercise with moderate to high loads increase muscle and bone mass in older adults, these programs are difficult to maintain due to secondary risks associated with comorbid conditions such as high blood pressure [1••, 2, 3, 4••, 5, 6••, 7•]. Therefore, innovative techniques to increase muscle and bone mass need to be used to restore muscle and bone health in this population. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is a modality of exercise that has been used for the last 40 years in Japan and has only recently been used in the Western world [8]. Blood flow restriction encompasses using a cuff in the proximal part of the
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation * Alexis Ortiz [email protected] 1
School of Physical Therapy, University of The Incarnate Word, 4301 Broadway, CPO412, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
2
Physical Therapy Program, Allen College, Waterloo, IA, USA
upper and lower limbs with the purpose of partially restricting arterial blood flow towards the extremities while occluding venous return creating tissue hypoxia [2, 8, 9]. BFR has shown to enhance muscle and bone health in older adults without cardiovascular adverse events [5, 6••, 7•, 10, 11, 12•, 15]. Typically, BFR is performed in four sets, starting with 30 repetitions in the first set and 15 repetitions in the following three sets. The primary goal of this approach is to reach volitional metabolic fatigue [9–11, 16]. However, if fatigue occurs prior to the completion of the desi
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