Brief Report: Associations Between Cognitive Control Processes and Traits of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), attention-D
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BRIEF REPORT
Brief Report: Associations Between Cognitive Control Processes and Traits of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), attention‑Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Anxiety in Children at Elevated and Typical Familial Likelihood for ASD Priscilla B. G. Godoy1 · Elizabeth Shephard1,2,5 · Bosiljka Milosavljevic2,3,6 · Mark H. Johnson3,4 · Tony Charman2 · The BASIS Team Accepted: 22 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Shared difficulties with cognitive control may play a role in co-occurring mental health problems frequently observed in autistic children. We investigated how different cognitive control processes (inhibitory control, conflict resolution, cognitive flexibility) associated with traits of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety in 7-year-old children at elevated (n = 44) and typical (n = 37) familial likelihood for ASD. Poor inhibitory control was associated with higher ADHD traits. Better inhibitory control and poorer cognitive flexibility predicted higher anxiety traits. Cognitive control processes were not associated dimensionally with autistic traits, though better conflict resolution predicted greater likelihood of meeting diagnostic criteria for ASD in categorical analysis. These findings suggest that different cognitive control alterations are associated with ASD, ADHD and anxiety. Keywords Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) · Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) · Anxiety · Inhibitory control · Conflict resolution · Cognitive flexibility
Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition characterised by social communication impairments, restricted interests and repetitive behaviours and sensory Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04732-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. The members of The BASIS Team study group are listed in the acknowledgments.
atypicalities (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association 2013). Symptoms of other (co-occurring) mental health problems, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety, are frequently observed in autistic children (Simonoff et al. 2008). One possible reason for the frequent co-occurrence of ASD, ADHD and anxiety is that they share neurocognitive mechanisms, such as impairments in cognitive control (White et al. 2014; Visser et al. 2016). Cognitive control refers to a collection of self-regulatory processes that allow us to regulate and coordinate our thoughts and behaviours (Botvinick et al. 2001; Badre and
* Elizabeth Shephard [email protected]
3
Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London, Birkbeck, UK
* Tony Charman [email protected]
4
Present Address: Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
5
Present Address: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, Universi
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