Characterization and microalgal toxicity screening of diagnostic fixer solution toward bioremediation
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SHORT COMMUNICATION
Characterization and microalgal toxicity screening of diagnostic fixer solution toward bioremediation S. Sharma1 · V. K. Garlapati1 Received: 30 July 2020 / Revised: 25 September 2020 / Accepted: 31 October 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract The present study involves the characterization and microalgal toxicity screening of diagnostic X-ray fixer solution toward utilization as a probable full-scale bioremediation study. The characterization results showed a BOD value of the waste X-ray fixer solution 11,833 ± 485.62 mg/l and 506,733 ± 251.66 ppm COD. The Scendesmus abundans was well grown using BBM, 1500 lx light intensity, 12 h:12 h light and dark conditions with 100 rpm shaking at 25 ± 1 °C on 1-month cultivation. The executed toxicity screening results of the diagnostic fixer solution on S. abundans with different dilutions have shown a promisable growth between 15 and 21 days with the 3 BBM:1 X-ray fixer solution dilution with a maximum cell count of 370 × 104 cells/ml on the 21st day of microalgal cultivation. The present study puts forth the physical and chemical parameters of X-ray fixer solution with proven toxicity tolerance limits of S. abundans toward the probable logical step of algal-based bioremediation of fixer solution. Keywords Characterization · Diagnostic fixer solution · Scendesmus abundans · Toxicity assessment
Introduction The hospital and other medical clinics generate various waste; radiographic waste is one of the hazardous waste that has fixer solution, developer solution, lead foils, and other chemicals. Silver and heavy metals make the radiographic waste as one of the hazardous effluents from hospitals (Molinuevo-Salces et al. 2019). The fixer solution is considered more toxic (sliver content > 3000 mg/l) compared to other solutions used in the processing of the radiographs along with the sulfites, thiosulfates, and other minute amounts of heavy metals (Muzio et al. 2005; Lorenzo et al. 1982). The waste fixer solution has higher levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (Bas et al. 2012). The diagnostic lab effluents discharging into the public sewage system consist of above the permissible limits of inorganic components (such Editorial responsibility: Tanmoy Karak. * V. K. Garlapati [email protected] 1
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information and Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
as silver), physical (color, pH, turbidity, sulfates, chlorides, and total dissolved solids), and chemical (BOD and COD) components. Generally, the radiographic effluents (with less than 5 ppm silver) from hospitals release into a sewer system. The fixer solution has an immense amount of silver 3000–8000 ppm, which is more than the allowed limits. Thus, there is a need for an appropriate silver removal approach for possible discharge into the sewage system (Madhavan et al. 2015). The adopting existing silver recovery approaches (electrolysis, adsorption, metallic replace
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