Characterization and proliferation capacity of potentially pathogenic fungi in marine and freshwater fish commercial fee
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Characterization and proliferation capacity of potentially pathogenic fungi in marine and freshwater fish commercial feeds Giovanna Ilieva Bobadilla‑Carrillo1,2 · Paola Magallón‑Servín3,4 · Melissa López‑Vela3,4 · Yolotzin Apatzingán Palomino‑Hermosillo2 · José Carmen Ramírez‑Ramírez5 · Ranferi Gutiérrez‑Leyva5 · Leonardo Ibarra‑Castro6 · Pedro Ulises Bautista‑Rosales1,2 Received: 9 February 2020 / Revised: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 15 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In the aquaculture industry, the selection and quality of feed are highly relevant because their integrity and management have an impact on the health and development of organisms. In general, feeds contamination depends on storage conditions and formulation. Furthermore, it has been recognized that filamentous fungi are among the most important contaminating agent in formulated feeds. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify saprophytic fungi capable of proliferating in commercial feeds, as well as determining their prevalence, extracellular enzymes profile, ability to assimilate carbon sources, and finally their ability to produce aflatoxins. In order to do that, twenty-two fungi were isolated from commercial fish feeds. After, the species Aspergillus chevalieri, A. cristatus, A. sydowii, A. versicolor, A. flavus, A. creber, and Lichtheimia ramosa were identified. These fungi were able to produce extracellular enzymes, such as phosphatases, esterases, proteases, β-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. The isolated fungi showed no selective behavior in the assimilation of the different carbon sources, showing a strong metabolic diversity. Prevalence percentages above 85% were recorded. Among all fungi studied, A. flavus M3-C1 had the highest production of aflatoxins when this strain was inoculated directly in the feeds (295 ppb). The aflatoxin production by this strain under the experimental setting is above the permitted levels, and it has been established that high levels of aflatoxins in feeds can cause alterations in fish growth as well as the development of cancerous tumors in the liver, in addition to enhancing mortality. Keywords Fungal contamination · Extracellular enzymes · Nutrient assimilation · Aflatoxins
Introduction Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-01954-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Currently, aquaculture is the food sector with the highest growth worldwide (FAO 2018). However, half of the aquaculture species are dependent on the supply of commercial feed for their proper growth and development under rearing
* Pedro Ulises Bautista‑Rosales [email protected] 1
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Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Km. 9, Carretera Tepic‑Compostela, C. P. 63780 Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico Unidad de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad Autónom
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