Chemical Composition and Some Biological Activities of Salvia longipedicellata Hedge Mericarps
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SOME BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF Salvia longipedicellata HEDGE MERICARPS
Sevda Guzel,1* Mahmut Ulger,2 and Ahmet Kahraman3
The fatty acid, sterol, and tocol compositions, mineral, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salvia longipedicellata Hedge (endemic) mericarps were examined for the first time. Mericarps were rich in α-linolenic acid (47.72%), β-sitosterol (54.46%), γ-tocopherol (375.68 mg/kg), and potassium (75.411 μg/g). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 1.04 μg GAE/mg extract and 0.32 μg QE/mg extract, respectively. The antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of mericarps were also determined. Keywords: Salvia longipedicellata, mericarp, fatty acid, sterol, tocol, mineral, total phenolics, total flavonoids, DPPH, antimicrobial activity. Salvia (sage) is the most species-rich genus of the family Lamiaceae (mint family) with approximately 1000 species [1]. It has been reported since ancient times that Salvia species have been traditionally used in the treatment of inflammation, tuberculosis, bronchitis, microbial infections [2], menstrual disorders [3], stomach ailments, common cold, and wounds [4]. Some species of the genus have also been used worldwide because of their nutritional properties [5]. One of the main diversity centers of the genus is Southwest Asia, where Turkey has apparently the largest number of species (100), including 53 endemics [6]. Salvia longipedicellata Hedge is a perennial endemic species found in East Anatolia (Turkey). The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) at national and global levels using IUCN Red List categories and criteria [7]. According to the literature, data on chemical content and bioactivity of S. longipedicellata mericarps have not been reported yet. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the fatty acid, sterol, and tocol compositions, the mineral, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents, and the in vitro antioxidant, anti(myco)bacterial, and antifungal activities of S. longipedicellata mericarps. The yields of ethanol and hexane extracts were 20.46% and 28.14%, respectively. The fatty acid composition is given in Table 1. α-Linolenic, oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids were the main fatty acids with values of 47.72%, 21.72%, 20.24%, and 5.06%, respectively. Total saturated fatty acid (ΣSFA), total monounsaturated fatty acid (ΣMUFA), total polyunsaturated fatty acid (ΣPUFA), and total unsaturated fatty acid (ΣUFA) percentages were determined as 7.29%, 22.57%, 68.22%, and 90.79%, respectively. Some properties, including maintenance of the stratum corneum epidermal barrier, prevention of trans-epidermal water loss, and disruption of melanogenesis in epidermal melanocytes of fatty acids on skin tissues have been reported [8]. The focus on shifting from saturated fats to unsaturated sources of oils has greatly reduced the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes [9]. According to Goren et al. [10], the fatty acid composition of Salvia species ca
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