Clocking in Modern VLSI Systems
Clocking in Modern VLSI Systems covers a wide range of subjects related to microprocessor clocking including distribution, flop design, inductive techniques, phase noise and jitter, delay lock techniques, resiliency and other techniques to address process
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Series on Integrated Circuits and Systems Series Editor:
Anantha Chandrakasan Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts
For other titles published in this series, go to http://www.springer.com/Series/7236
Thucydides Xanthopoulos Editor
Clocking in Modern VLSI Systems
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Editor Thucydides Xanthopoulos Cavium Networks Marlboro, MA 01752 USA
ISSN 1558-9412 ISBN 978-1-4419-0260-3 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-0261-0 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0261-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009928618 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Στη Μαργαρίτα, το Νικόλα και τη Μαρία-Ελένη που μας έπιασε στα μισά ¨
To Margarita, Nicholas and Maria-Helen who joined us half-way through this book ¨
Preface
... εἰωθότες οἱ ἄνθρωποι οὗ μὲν ἐπιθυμοῦσιν ἐλπίδι ἀπερισκέπτῳ διδόναι, ὃ δὲ μὴ προσίενται λογισμῷ αὐτοκράτορι διωθεῖσθαι. T HUCYDIDIS H ISTORIAE IV:108 C. Hude ed., Teubner, Lipsiae MCMXIII ῾Οι ἄνθρωποι, ἄλλωστε, συνειθίζουν νὰ ἐμπιστεύωνται εἰς τὴν ἀπερίσκεπτον ἐλπίδα ἐκεῖνο ποὺ ἐπιθυμοῦν καὶ ν’ ἀποκρούουν δι’ αὐθαιρέτου συλλογισμοῦ ἐκεῖνο ποὺ ἀποστέργουν. ΘΟΥΚΥΔΙΔΟΥ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΙ Δ:108 Κατά Μετάφρασιν ᾿Ελευθερίου Βενιζέλου Δ. Κακλαμάνος Εκδ. Σμυρνιωτάκης, Αθήνα It being the fashion of men, what they wish to be true to admit even upon an ungrounded hope, and what they wish not, with a magistral kind of arguing to reject. Thucydides (the Peloponnesian War Part I), IV:108 Thomas Hobbes Trans., Sir W. Molesworth ed. In The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Vol. VIII
I have been introduced to clock design very early in my professional career when I was tapped right out of school to design and implement the clock generation and distribution of the Alpha 21364 microprocessor. Traditionally, Alpha processors exhibited highly innovative clocking systems, always worthy of ISSCC/JSSC publications and for a while Alpha processors were leading the industry in terms of clock performance. I had huge shoes to fill. Obviously, I was overwhelmed, confused and highly confident that I would drag the entire project down. When a few years later
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Preface
Carl Harris asked me to do a book on clocking for the Springer Integrated Circu
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