Analog Design for CMOS VLSI Systems
Analog Design for CMOS VLSI Systems is a comprehensive text that offers a detailed study of the background principles and the analog design techniques for CMOS-VLSI implementation. The book covers the physical operation and the modelling of MOS transistor
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ANALOG DESIGN FOR CMOS VLSI SYSTEMS by
Franco Maloberti Texas A & M University, U.S.A. and University of Pavia, Italy
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:
0-306-47952-4 0-7923-7550-5
©2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's eBookstore at:
http://kluweronline.com http://ebooks.kluweronline.com
CONTENTS
Preface
xi
Chapter 1 The MOS Transistor 1.1 Electrical Conduction in Solids 1 1.2 Fermi-Dirac Statistic 3 1.3 Properties of Materials 10 1.3.1 Silicon 10 1.3.2 Silicon dioxide 14 1.3.3 Polysilicon 16 1.3.4 Silicon Nitride 17 1.4 CMOS Technology 18 1.5 MOS Threshold Voltage 19 1.6 I-V Characteristics 26 1.6.1 Weak Inversion Region 27 1.6.2 Linear (or Triode) Region 28 1.6.3 Saturation Region 30 1.7 Equivalent Circuits 32
1
vi
Contents
1.7.1 Large Signal Equivalent Circuit 32 1.7.2 Small Signal Equivalent Circuit 35 1.8 More Sophisticated Models 39 1.9 Noise 45 1.10 Layout of Transistors 49 1.11 Design Rules 53 1.12 References 55 1.13 Problems 55
Chapter 2 Resistors, Capacitors, Switches 2.1 Integrated Resistors 59 2.1.1 Accuracy of Integrated Resistors 63 2.1.2 Layout of Integrated Resistors 69 2.2 Integrated Capacitors 72 2.2.1 Accuracy of Integrated Capacitors 75 2.2.2 Layout of Integrated Capacitors 78 2.3 Analog Switches 81 2.3.1 Charge Injection 86 2.3.2 Charge Injection Compensation 89 2.4 Layout of Switches 94 2.5 References 96 2.6 Problems 96
Chapter 3 Basic Building Blocks 99 3.1 Inverter with Active Load 99 3.1.1 Small Signal Analysis 101 3.1.2 Noise Analysis 107 3.1.3 Design of Inverters with Active Load 109 3.2 Cascode 114 3.2.1. Small Signal Analysis 115 3.3 Cascode with Cascode Load 121 3.3.1 Small Signal Analysis of Cascode Gain Stages 127
59
Contents
3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
3.8 3.9
vii
3.3.2 Gain Enhancement Techniques 131 Differential Stage 133 Source Follower 136 Threshold Independent Level-shift 141 Improved Output Stages 142 3.7.1 Source Follower with Local Feedback 143 3.7.2 Push-Pull Output Stage 146 References 151 Problems 151
Chapter 4 Current and Voltage Sources 4.1 Current Mirrors 155 4.1.1 Simple Current Mirror 156 4.1.2 Wilson Current Mirror 160 4.1.3 Improved Wilson Current Mirror 163 4.1.4 Cascode Current Mirror 165 4.1.5 Layout of Modified Wilson and Cascode Current Mirrors 167 4.1.6 Modified Cascode Current Mirror 168 4.1.7 High Compliance Current Mirror 171 4.1.8 Enhanced Output-Impedance Current Mirror 173 4.1.9 Current Mirrors with Adjustable Mirror Factor 176 4.2 Current References 178 4.2.1 Simple Current Reference 178 4.2.2 Self Biased Current Reference 180 4.2.3 Self Biased Micro-Current Generator 184 4.2.4 Start-up Circuits 188 4.2.5 Use of Parasitic B
