Detection of iron oxide nanoparticles in petroleum hydrocarbon media by single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass
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RESEARCH PAPER
Detection of iron oxide nanoparticles in petroleum hydrocarbon media by single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) Jenny Nelson & Aaron Saunders & Laura Poirier & Estrella Rogel & Cesar Ovalles & Thomas Rea & Francisco Lopez-Linares Received: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Engineered iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized with a silica shell using a modified alkylsilane approach with o-xylene, as a hydrocarbon media, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) were used to determine the particle size of the Fe3O4 core diameter. In contrast, mass concentrations of the Fe3O4 particles were determined using spICP-MS, using helium (He) as a collision gas to control spectral interferences from ArO and CaO on Fe at m/z 56. Different cell gas flow rates (3, 3.5, and 4 mL/min) and NP’s solution dilution factors from 1:20,000 up to 1:60,000 were investigated; He flow rate of 4 mL/min and a dilution factor of 1:20,000 were found as optimum. The spICP-MS method was calibrated by using gold nanospheres (polystyrene-coated) in toluene as reference material. For the engineered Fe3O4 nanoparticles, TEM. Results gave a (63 ± 6 nm) value for the Fe2O3 core diameter, while spICP-MS was 61.1 ± 4.5 nm (n = 36), demonstrating the excellent agreement among methods. The method was applied for the analysis Fe oxide NPs in petroluem hydrocarbon materials and data compared with TEM. Two standard reference materials (SRMs); NIST 2717a sulfur in residual fuel oil and NIST J. Nelson : L. Poirier : E. Rogel : C. Ovalles : T. Rea : F. Lopez-Linares (*) Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] A. Saunders nanoComposix, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
8505 vanadium in crude oil were selected. spICP-MS results agreed pretty well among these techniques. These findings suggest that spICP-MS could be useful to characterize Fe-containing particles in complex solution media, such as petroleum hydrocarbons.
Keywords Single-particle ICP-MS . Engineered nanoparticles . Iron . Hydrocarbon . Petroleum . TEM
Introduction The detrimental effect of iron-containing compounds, particularly iron particles, in the petroleum value chain has been well documented. For example, iron oxide particles that are generated during high-temperature processes have been linked to solid deposition and fines production. (Coskuner and Maini 1988) Furthermore, solid particles present in crude oils, such as Fe2O3 and Ca(OH)2, can stabilize water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions in desalters. (Sullivan and Kilpatrick 2002) It is postulated that such solids can be adsorbed on the water-oil interface as individual particles lying flat on the interface, preventing bridging between approaching water droplets and therefore hindering coalescence. Solids that remain suspended in the continuous phase may also enhance emulsion stability by prev enting close co ntact betwe
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