Detergent-compatible fungal cellulases
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REVIEW
Detergent-compatible fungal cellulases Francois N. Niyonzima 1 Received: 12 June 2020 / Accepted: 5 November 2020 # Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. 2020
Abstract Detergent enzymes are currently added to all powder and liquid detergents that are manufactured. Cellulases, lipases, amylases, and proteases are used in the detergency to replace toxic phosphates and silicates and to reduce high energy consumption. This makes the use of enzymes in detergent formulation cost effective. Fungi are producers of important extracellular enzymes for industrial use. The fungal and bacterial cellulases maintain the shape and color of the washed garments. There is a high demand for cellulases at the market by detergent industries. With this high demand, genetic engineering has been a solution due to its high production of detergent-compatible cellulases. Fungi are the famous source for detergent-compatible cellulases production, but still, there is a lack of the cost-effective process of alkaline fungal cellulase production. Review papers on detergent-compatible bacterial cellulase and amylase and detergent-compatible fungal and bacterial proteases and lipases are available, but there is no review on detergent fungal cellulases. This review aims to highlight the production, properties, stability, and compatibility of fungal cellulases. It will help other academic and industrial researchers to study, produce, and commercialize the fungal cellulases with good aspects.
Introduction Cellulase is an hydrolase enzyme, cleaving β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of cellulose or its derivatives like cellooligosaccharide, to glucose monomers. To completely hydrolyze these polymers to glucose units, three enzymes act synergistically. These are endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4) that break down internal glycosidic bonds, exoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.91) cleaving chain termini liberating cellodextrins, and β-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21) that liberate glucose units following cellodextrins degradation (Uhlig 1998; Sajith et al. 2016). Fungi are the microorganisms of choice to produce industrial cellulases owing to desired properties like extracellular secretion of an enzyme in huge amounts with cost-effective substrates (Bhat 2000; Ahmed and Bibi 2018). Detergent-compatible cellulases are easily obtained abundantly from fungi compared to plants and animals (Acharya and Chaudhary 2012). In addition, the genetic material of fungal species is easily cloned into the bacterial strain for overproduction of cellulases because fungal cellulases are less complex in structure compared to
* Francois N. Niyonzima [email protected] 1
Biotechnologies Department, INES-Ruhengeri, P.O Box 155, Musanze, Rwanda
bacterial ones (Uhlig 1998; Maki et al. 2009; Acharya and Chaudhary 2012). Cellulases are used in different industries such as detergent, biofuel, food, textile, cosmetics, feed, chemicals, pulp, and paper (Acharya and Chaudhary 2012; Juturu and Wu 2014; Sajith et al. 2016). The fungal cellulases are importantly used in the d
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