Determination of Melamine by Differential Pulse Polarography/Application to Milk and Milk Powder
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Determination of Melamine by Differential Pulse Polarography/Application to Milk and Milk Powder Ümmihan T. Yilmaz & Zehra Yazar
Received: 6 December 2010 / Accepted: 10 February 2011 / Published online: 2 March 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract Melamine made headlines in September 2008 because it was found to be the contaminant responsible for the deaths of several infants and making many more sick. Determination of trace melamine is very important. Therefore, in this work a novel, sensitive and reliable method was developed using differential pulse polarography. The most suitable buffer system was found to be Britton–Robinson (B–R) buffer, pH 11.2. The melamine peak in this medium appeared at about −50 mV, it responded well to standard additions and high reproducibility was obtained. The calibration graph was linear in the concentration range of melamine from 1.0 to 66.4 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were obtained as 0.3 and 1.0 μM, respectively. The current was characterized as being adsorption-controlled process. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of melamine in spiked milk and milk powder. The linear dynamic ranges observed for melamine concentration in milk and milk powder samples were between 1–58 and 10–57 μM, respectively. The sufficiently good recoveries and low standard deviations for the data reflect the high accuracy and precision of proposed differential pulse polarographic method. Keywords Determination . Differential pulse polarography . Melamine . Milk . Milk powder
Ü. T. Yilmaz (*) : Z. Yazar Science and Letters Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Nevşehir University, 50300 Nevsehir, Turkey e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) is normally used in the manufacture of melamine-formaldehyde resins for surface coatings, laminates, and adhesives and in the production of flame retardants (Chang 1994). Melamine became a topic of much discussion in early 2007, when veterinary scientists determined it to be the cause of hundreds of pet deaths due to pet food contamination (Brown et al. 2007; Filigenzi et al. 2008). The melaminetainted milk powder incident in China led to serious concerns about food safety. The main toxic effects of exposure to melamine are formation of bladder stones and hyperplasia in the urinary bladder (International Agency for Research on Cancer; Baynes et al. 2008). The primary target organ for melamine toxicity is the kidney. There is uncertainty with respect to the time scale for the development of kidney damage. Thus, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) applied a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.5 mg/kg in body weight considering possible health effects which might occur with repeated consumption of melamine contaminated products over a relatively short period (FDA). The FDA describes the risk to human health associated with eating products from animals that have been fed with melamine. Consequen
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