Distribution, source identification, and assessment of heavy metal pollution in the surface and pore waters of Cipeles R
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Distribution, source identification, and assessment of heavy metal pollution in the surface and pore waters of Cipeles River, West Java, Indonesia Diana Rahayuning Wulan 1,2 & Dyah Marganingrum 3 & Minoru Yoneda 1 Received: 9 March 2020 / Accepted: 19 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The Cipeles watershed is the largest subsystem of the Cimanuk watershed, which is located in an agricultural area. Some segments of the Cipeles River are appropriate for aquatic life habitat. To assess the pollutant risk from heavy metals, which tend to accumulate in the environment, this study determined the heavy metal concentrations as a basic database, calculate the heavy metal pollution index (HMPI), and assess the correlation between heavy metals from the surface and pore waters of Cipeles River. Samples from 11 sampling stations at the end of the wet season were collected, preserved, and characterized using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The heavy metal concentrations were then plotted on a map using a geographic information system. As a result, the heavy metal occurrence in pore water was found to be Mn > Fe > Ba > Co > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr in the order of abundance, while the order was slightly different in surface water, i.e., Fe > Mn > Zn > Ba > Cu > Pb > Co > Cr. Both pore and surface waters showed similar dominance for iron and manganese, where they mostly originated from the run-off water from the laterite and alluvial soils at the sampling locations. The other micro-concentrations of heavy metals indicate the anthropogenic source of pollutants. The HMPI indicated a low level in the upstream area, medium to high levels in the city center, and high levels in the downstream area. Moreover, there is a significant correlation between the heavy metal concentration at pore and surface waters, especially for Mn and Co in the city area and also Zn and Ba in the downstream area. Keywords Heavy metals . Pore water . Surface water . Cipeles River . HMPI
Introduction The Cimanuk River, one of the six major rivers in West Java, Indonesia, plays an important role in supplying a source of water for irrigation, domestic uses, raw water for water supply companies, and fishing (Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum 2010; Sulaksana et al. 2013; Sulthonuddin et al. 2018; Susilo and Sjafei 2006). Many tributaries enter the Cimanuk River when Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Diana Rahayuning Wulan [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2
Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, Indonesia
3
Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, Indonesia
it flows to the downstream. In 2010, monitoring results for the Cimanuk River showed it had qualitatively exceeded the allowable standards for organic materials and some metals (Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum 2010). Previous studies have investigated
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