Diving into the streams and waves of constitutive and regenerative olfactory neurogenesis: insights from zebrafish
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REVIEW
Diving into the streams and waves of constitutive and regenerative olfactory neurogenesis: insights from zebrafish Erika Calvo-Ochoa 1
&
Christine A. Byrd-Jacobs 2 & Stefan H. Fuss 3
Received: 31 July 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The olfactory system is renowned for its functional and structural plasticity, with both peripheral and central structures displaying persistent neurogenesis throughout life and exhibiting remarkable capacity for regenerative neurogenesis after damage. In general, fish are known for their extensive neurogenic ability, and the zebrafish in particular presents an attractive model to study plasticity and adult neurogenesis in the olfactory system because of its conserved structure, relative simplicity, rapid cell turnover, and preponderance of neurogenic niches. In this review, we present an overview of the anatomy of zebrafish olfactory structures, with a focus on the neurogenic niches in the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, and ventral telencephalon. Constitutive and regenerative neurogenesis in both the peripheral olfactory organ and central olfactory bulb of zebrafish is reviewed in detail, and a summary of current knowledge about the cellular origin and molecular signals involved in regulating these processes is presented. While some features of physiologic and injury-induced neurogenic responses are similar, there are differences that indicate that regeneration is not simply a reiteration of the constitutive proliferation process. We provide comparisons to mammalian neurogenesis that reveal similarities and differences between species. Finally, we present a number of open questions that remain to be answered. Keywords Zebrafish . Olfactory system . Nerve cell regeneration . Stem cells . Neurogenesis
Introduction The olfactory system is highly dynamic at the functional and structural level. Both the peripheral olfactory epithelium (OE; Graziadei and Monti Graziadei 1978; Hinds et al. 1984) and the central olfactory bulb (OB; Altman 1969; Lim and Alvarez-Buylla 2016) are sites of extensive and life-long neuronal turnover and persistent neurogenesis. New nerve cells * Stefan H. Fuss [email protected] Erika Calvo-Ochoa [email protected] Christine A. Byrd-Jacobs [email protected] 1
Biology Department, Hope College, 35 East 12th Street, Holland, MI 49423, USA
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410, USA
3
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Kuzey Park 319, 34342 Bebek - Istanbul, Turkey
are constantly added to both sides of the primary synaptic circuits between olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and higher-order OB neurons that underlie odorant recognition and olfactory perception. More remarkably, the peripheral OE shows a capacity for self-repair and structural regeneration that is unprecedented among neuronal structures, especially in the nervous system of higher vertebrates (Sch
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