Dual-memory retrieval efficiency after practice: effects of strategy manipulations
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Dual‑memory retrieval efficiency after practice: effects of strategy manipulations Franziska Heidemann1,2 · Timothy C. Rickard3 · Torsten Schubert4 · Tilo Strobach1 Received: 11 October 2018 / Accepted: 12 June 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The study investigated practice effects, instruction manipulations, and the associated cognitive architecture of dual-memory retrieval from a single cue. In two experiments, we tested predictions about the presence of learned parallelism in dualmemory retrieval within the framework of the set-cue bottleneck model. Both experiments included three experimental laboratory sessions and involved computerized assessments of dual-memory retrieval performance with strategy instruction manipulations. In Experiment 1, subjects were assigned to three distinct dual-task practice instruction groups: (1) a neutral instruction group without a specific direction on how to solve the task (i.e., neutral instruction), (2) an instruction to synchronize the responses (i.e., synchronize instruction), and (3) an instruction to use a sequential response style (i.e., immediate instruction). Results indicate that strategy instructions are able to effectively influence dual retrieval during practice. Mainly, the instruction to synchronize responses led to the presence of learned retrieval parallelism. Experiment 2 provided an assessment of the cognitive processing architecture of dual-memory retrieval. The results provide support for the presence of a structural bottleneck that cannot be eliminated by extensive practice and instruction manipulations. Further results are discussed with respect to the set-cue bottleneck model.
Introduction In the context of advanced technologies such as smartphones and conversational systems, humans are increasingly engaging in multitasking (or dual-tasking) behaviors. During the last decades, a substantial body of research on dual-tasking has emerged from a variety of fields such as engineering, robotics, psychological and cognitive sciences, as well as medicine (Burgess, Veitch, de Lacy Costello, & Shallice, 2000; Chen & Yan, 2016; Jordan, Landau, & Iyengar, 2000). Even though all of these areas have distinct research foci, there is an emerging consensus that humans can engage in sequential (i.e., serial) as well as parallel response patterns in dual-task situations (e.g., Nino & Rickard, 2003; Ruthruff, Pashler, & Klaassen, 2001). A sequential response pattern * Franziska Heidemann Franziska.Heidemann@ruhr‑uni‑bochum.de 1
Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
2
Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Massenbergstraße 9‑13, 44787 Bochum, Germany
3
University of California, San Diego, USA
4
Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
in dual-task situations involves the execution of the first task (i.e., raising the left hand) before executing the second task (i.e., tapping with the right foot). In contrast, a parallel response pattern refers to the ex
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