Elucidation of antibacterial effect of calcium chloride against Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum race 4 biovar 3 infecting g
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Elucidation of antibacterial effect of calcium chloride against Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum race 4 biovar 3 infecting ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Suseela Bhai Rajamma1 · Ammu Raj1 · Vincy Kalampalath1 · Santhosh J. Eapen1 Received: 17 January 2020 / Revised: 25 August 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Bacterial wilt incited by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Rps) race 4 biovar 3 is a serious threat to ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) cultivation throughout the ginger growing tracts and warrants effective remedial measures since most of the strategies failed at field level implementation. After a series of experiments, calcium chloride was found to be effective against Rps both in vitro and in planta and its prophylactic effect has been successfully demonstrated under field conditions. C aCl2 at a concentration of > 2% significantly inhibited Rps under in vitro conditions. Calcium is an important nutritional element imparts a major role in plant disease resistance, and numerous studies have demonstrated the mitigating effect of calcium for disease management. CaCl2 being inhibitory to Rps, the mechanism of inhibition by C aCl2 against Rps was elucidated by a series of in vitro assays including swarming motility and biofilm formation. Direct inhibition was also studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum inhibitory concentration were found to be around 3% while the EC 90 value was found to be 2.25%. The SEM analysis revealed the destruction of cell structure by making perforations on the cell surface. CaCl2 at the targeted concentrations inhibited biofilm formation as well as swarming motility of Rps. These findings suggest that C aCl2 exhibits strong antibacterial activity against Rps and has the potential to be used as an effective bactericide for Rps in managing bacterial wilt in ginger. Keywords Biofilm formation · Calcium chloride · Ginger · Mechanism of action · Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum
Introduction Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) belongs to the family Zingiberaceae (Arthur and Takhtadzhian 1981) is one of the most important and widely used spices worldwide. Due to its wide acceptance, the cultivation of ginger has spread to most tropical and subtropical countries. (Haware and Joshi 1973). The diseases like bacterial wilt, rhizome rot and soft rot, are prevalent in all most all the major ginger Communicated by Erko stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-02052-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Suseela Bhai Rajamma [email protected] 1
ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu P O, Kozhikode, Kerala 673012, India
growing tracts (Dake 1995) and among the diseases, bacterial wilt is a major constraint for the production of ginger, since field control of the disease is a difficult task where all tested c
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