Emerging treatment strategies for COVID-19 infection
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Emerging treatment strategies for COVID‑19 infection Maria Gavriatopoulou1 · Ioannis Ntanasis‑Stathopoulos1 · Eleni Korompoki1,2 · Despina Fotiou1 · Magdalini Migkou1 · Ioannis‑Georgios Tzanninis3 · Theodora Psaltopoulou1 · Efstathios Kastritis1 · Evangelos Terpos1 · Meletios A. Dimopoulos1 Received: 23 July 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The new type of coronavirus (COVID-19), SARS-CoV-2 originated from Wuhan, China and has led to a worldwide pandemic. COVID-19 is a novel emerging infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 characterized as atypical pneumonia. As of July 1, 2020, more than 10 million people worldwide had been infected with SARS-CoV-2. The typical manifestations of COVID-19 include fever, sore throat, fatigue, cough, and dyspnoea combined with recent exposure. Most of the patients with COVID-19 have mild or moderate disease, however up to 5–10% present with severe and even life-threatening disease course. The mortality rates are approximately 2%. Therefore, there is an urgent need for effective and specific antiviral treatment. Currently, supportive care measures such as ventilation oxygenation and fluid management remain the standard of care. Several clinical trials are currently trying to identify the most potent drug or combination against the disease, and it is strongly recommended to enroll patients into ongoing trials. Antivirals can be proven as safe and effective only in the context of randomized clinical trials. Currently several agents such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, monoclonal antibodies, antisense RNA, corticosteroids, convalescent plasma and vaccines are being evaluated. The large numbers of therapeutic interventions aim to define the most efficacious regimen. The aim of this article is to describe the treatment strategies that have been used for COVID-19 patients and review all the available literature. Keywords SARS-CoV-2 · COVID-19 · Antivirals · Convalescent plasma · Remdesivir · Vaccines
Introduction The new type of coronavirus (COVID-19), SARS-CoV-2 originated from Wuhan, China and has led to a worldwide pandemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that COVID-19 has become a global health concern. The typical symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, Maria Gavriatopoulou, Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos have contributed equally to this work. * Maria Gavriatopoulou [email protected] 1
Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11528 Athens, Greece
2
Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
3
Department of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
sore throat, fatigue, cough, and dyspnoea combined with recent exposure. Due to interventions and control measures from the governments around the world and the changes in personal behaviors (such as masks wearing and social isolation), the number of new co
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