Environmental Fate Assessment of Chemicals and the Formation of Biogenic Non-extractable Residues (bioNER)
The approval of chemicals for placing on the market is subject to various regulations in many countries. Regulations often require the assessment of the environmental fate in simulation tests using isotope labels for facilitated analysis. Such tests simul
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Contents 1 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment: Controlling Factors and Relevance for Risk Assessment 2 Environmental Fate and NER Risk Assessment in Regulatory Testing of Organic Chemicals 3 Microbial Degradation of Organic Chemicals 4 Microbial Biomarkers for bioNER Analytics 5 BioNER Explained Part of ‘Black Box’ NER in Several Fate Assessments 6 Direct and Indirect Assimilation of Carbon from Chemicals as Two Routes for bioNER Formation 7 Growth and Starvation Metabolism as Two Routes for bioNER Formation 8 Recent ECHA Suggestions for Differentiation Between the Three Types of NER 9 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives Annex References
Abstract The approval of chemicals for placing on the market is subject to various regulations in many countries. Regulations often require the assessment of the environmental fate in simulation tests using isotope labels for facilitated analysis. Such tests simulate the turnover of a chemical in complex environmental systems such as soils, water-sediment or wastewater treatment systems. Non-extractable residues (NER) are formed during the turnover of organic chemicals in solid
K. M. Nowak (*) Chair of Geobiotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Environmental Biotechnology, UFZ - Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany e-mail: [email protected] A. Miltner and M. Kästner Department of Environmental Biotechnology, UFZ - Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo and John Robert Parsons (eds.), Bioavailability of Organic Chemicals in Soil and Sediment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_515, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
K. M. Nowak et al.
matrices. NER are the ‘black box’ in current risk assessments of organic chemicals since their chemical composition is largely unknown. NER can result from sorption of the parent compound or its primary transformation products to the solid matrix; this leads to xenobiotic NER formation (considered as ‘hidden hazard’). However, microbial biomass formed during microbial biodegradation of chemicals can also contribute substantially to NER formation (biogenic NER; considered as ‘safe sink’ of no environmental concern). Biogenic NER thus need to be distinguished from the toxic xenobiotic NER in improved risk assessments and registration procedures of chemicals. The formation and the analytics of NER have so far only been phenomenologically described. This chapter describes the general microbial degradation processes of organic chemicals and summarizes the state of the art on NER analytics with particular focus on biogenic NER. Knowledge gaps in the NER analytics and suggestions for improvement are presented. Keywords Non-extractable residues, OECD tests 307, 308, 309, Pesticide fate
1 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment: Controlling Factors and Relevance for Risk Assessment Xenobiotic organic chemicals are deliberately (e.g. pesticides) or unintentionally (e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, pharmaceutical
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