Evaluation of Metal Concentrations in Red Tilapia ( Oreochromis spp ) from Three Sampling Sites in Jelebu, Malaysia Usin
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Evaluation of Metal Concentrations in Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp) from Three Sampling Sites in Jelebu, Malaysia Using Principal Component Analysis Kah Hin Low & Sharifuddin Md. Zain & Mhd. Radzi Abas
Received: 28 July 2010 / Accepted: 14 September 2010 / Published online: 25 September 2010 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
Abstract Concentration of V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Pb in muscle, liver, and gill tissues of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp) sampled from three different aquaculture sites which include earthen pond, ex-tin mining pool, and concrete tank in Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, were determined using microwave-assisted digestion–inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Accumulation patterns relating organs and elements, as well as origins and elements, were evaluated using multivariate statistics. With the aid of principal component analysis, it is possible to visualize the distribution pattern of metals in different organs as well as clustering tendencies of tilapia samples according to the production sites. In general, levels of V, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, and Cd in liver were higher than those in muscles and gills, whereas Mn and Pb were higher in gills while As in muscles. Results from principal component analysis revealed that there are similar pattern of metal distribution among organs regardless of the production sites. It is also suggested that Cu, As, and Pb are the best describers in characterizing the studied organs, where liver tissues are associated with high Cu, gills with high Pb, and muscles with high As. On the other hand, V, Co, and Pb are observed to be key discriminants for sample origins. Keywords Chemometric . Classification . Fish . Metals . Pattern recognition . PCA . Tilapia
K. H. Low (*) : S. M. Zain : M. R. Abas Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction The increasing importance of fish as a source of protein in many regions of the world especially within the developing countries extends the focus towards aquaculture fisheries. This industry is of a growing economical, nutritional, and social importance in Malaysia. Although the production is still low compared to capture fisheries, it yields valuable species for both domestic and the export markets. Among the aquaculture fisheries food supply, tilapia/cichlidae is one of the top ten species with high expansion rate in terms of production quantity. Nowadays, tilapia is at the focus of a major aquaculture effort of the country and accounts for a third of the total freshwater aquaculture production. Thanks to the good characteristics of tilapia such as rapid growth, large size, palatability, adaptability on a wide range of water conditions and food types, and easy breeding without special hatchery technology, farming of tilapia has become a promising business (Nandlal and Pickering 2004). In addition, it has been reported that, besides China, Malaysia is a country where the domestic market
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