Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as Fibre Crops for Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals: Biologic
Fibre crops are world-wide distributed group of plant species belonging taxonomically to various plant families. The common denominator is their use of above-ground biomass for mainly industrial (non-food) or energy purposes. They include approximately 2,
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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as Fibre Crops for Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals: Biological, Agro-technological and Economical Point of View Miroslav Griga and Marie Bjelkova´
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Introduction
The technology of heavy metals (HMs) phytoextraction from the polluted soils should include several components in order to be exploitable and cost efficient. First one is a biological component, which represents available plant species exhibiting high/good HMs accumulation and tolerance. Such candidate species should produce high above-ground biomass and the metal element of interest should be easily transported from roots to above-ground harvestable organs. From the genetic point of view, the culture crops have advantage (as compared to wild species) that they represent genetically homogenous and stable populations (clone, line and variety) with optimised growth and development parameters provided by breeding process. Second one is a technological component, which involves complex technology of growing, integrated plant protection and harvest (using efficient field machinery), and regulation of HMs bioavailability and uptake by proper agrotechnological treatments. The very important point is the possibility of further industrial processing of HMs-contaminated biomass. Finally, third one is an economical component which includes cost of phytoextraction, time of phytoextraction (cleaning of particular site to desired/acceptable level of metal element), cost of handling with HMs-contaminated biomass, and reduction of overall costs of phytoremediation process by production of added value products from HMscontaminated biomass. If one component of the scheme suffers from some shortcomings/limits, it should be compensated by advantages of other components.
M. Griga (*) Plant Biotechnology Department, AGRITEC Plant Research Ltd., Zemeˇdeˇlska´ 16, 787 01 Sˇumperk, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected] M. Bjelkova´ Department of Industrial Crops, AGRITEC Plant Research Ltd., Zemeˇdeˇlska´ 16, 787 01 Sˇumperk, Czech Republic D.K. Gupta (ed.), Plant-Based Remediation Processes, Soil Biology 35, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35564-6_11, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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M. Griga and M. Bjelkova´
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Table 11.1 Yield of above-ground biomass and fibre of important fibre crops Plant species Linum usitatissimum Cannabis sativa Hibiscus cannabinus Gossypium hirsutum Corchorus olitorius Boehmeria nivea Asclepias syriaca Agave sisalana Musa textilis Cocos nucifera Crotalaria juncea
Common name of plant/product
Biomass yield (tonne ha1)
Fibre yield (tonne ha1)
Flax Linseed Hemp Kenaf Cotton Jute White ramie Common milkweed Sisal Banana/abaca Coconut/coir Sunhemp
6.5–7.5 2–5 8–15 5–12 1–3.4 30–35 1.7–2 12.3 5,000 Plants – 1,000 nuts 7–10
1.1–1.5 0.2–0.5 1.5–1.9 0.4–1.3 0.3–1.1 1.4–4 0.3–0.5 1.4 2.8–5 5 0.1 0.6–0.8
Fibre crops may represent a good compromise between the lower HMs accumulation potential and the possibility of industrial (non-food) processing of contaminated biomass. Fibre crop
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