For the Betterment of the Race The Rise and Fall of the Internationa

Racism, race hygiene, eugenics, and their histories have for a long time been studied in terms of individual countries, whether genocidal ideology in Nazi Germany or scientific racial theories in the United States. As this study demonstrates, however, eug

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For t h e Be t t e r m e n t of t h e R ac e Th e R i se a n d Fa ll of t h e I n t e r nat iona l Mov e m e n t for Eug e n ic s a n d R ac i a l Hyg i e n e

St e fa n K ü h l Translated by L aw r e nc e Sc hof e r

FOR THE BETTERMENT OF THE RACE

Copyright © Stefan Kühl, 2013. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-28611-6 All rights reserved. First published in German in 1997 as Die Internationale der Rassisten: Aufstieg und Niedergang der internationalen Bewegung für Eugenik und Rassenhygiene im 20. Jahrhundertt by Campus Verlag, Frankfurt, Germany. First published in English in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-44916-3 DOI 10.1057/9781137286123

ISBN 978-1-137-28612-3 (eBook)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kühl, Stefan. For the betterment of the race : the rise and fall of the international movement for eugenics and racial hygiene / Stefan Kühl ; translated by Lawrence Schofer. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. 1. Eugenics—History. 2. Racism—History. I. Title. HQ751.K838 2013 305.8—dc23

2013005123

A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: August 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Con t e n t s

Abbreviationss

vii

Introduction

1

One

The Dream of the Genetic Improvement of Mankind— The Formation of the International Eugenics Movement

11

Two

The First World War and Its Eff ffect on International Eugenics

29

Three

Racism, Internationalism, and Eugenics

47

Four

The Crisis of Orthodox Eugenics and the Rise of Human Genetics and Population Science

71

Five

National Socialist Germany and the National Eugenics Movement

91

Six

The Second World War and the Mass Murder of the Sick and Handicapped

121

Seven On “Good” and “Bad” Eugenics: Refocusing on Human Genetic Counseling and the Struggle against “Overpopulation”

133

Eight

The Renaissance of Racist Eugenics

157

Nine

The Dissolution of the Eugenics Movement: Will There Be Eugenics without Eugenicists?

181

Afterword

187

Notess

191

Sources and Bibliographyy

237

Index of Personss

279

Organizations, Conferences, Journals and Newspapers

285

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Abbr e v i at ions

The abbreviations for the archives are noted in the bibliography of sources and secondary literature. AES FILDSE FHU FREED GbAEV GRECE IAAEE IFEO IGRH IIA IIS I