For the Betterment of the Race The Rise and Fall of the Internationa
Racism, race hygiene, eugenics, and their histories have for a long time been studied in terms of individual countries, whether genocidal ideology in Nazi Germany or scientific racial theories in the United States. As this study demonstrates, however, eug
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For t h e Be t t e r m e n t of t h e R ac e Th e R i se a n d Fa ll of t h e I n t e r nat iona l Mov e m e n t for Eug e n ic s a n d R ac i a l Hyg i e n e
St e fa n K ü h l Translated by L aw r e nc e Sc hof e r
FOR THE BETTERMENT OF THE RACE
Copyright © Stefan Kühl, 2013. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-28611-6 All rights reserved. First published in German in 1997 as Die Internationale der Rassisten: Aufstieg und Niedergang der internationalen Bewegung für Eugenik und Rassenhygiene im 20. Jahrhundertt by Campus Verlag, Frankfurt, Germany. First published in English in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-44916-3 DOI 10.1057/9781137286123
ISBN 978-1-137-28612-3 (eBook)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kühl, Stefan. For the betterment of the race : the rise and fall of the international movement for eugenics and racial hygiene / Stefan Kühl ; translated by Lawrence Schofer. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. 1. Eugenics—History. 2. Racism—History. I. Title. HQ751.K838 2013 305.8—dc23
2013005123
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: August 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Con t e n t s
Abbreviationss
vii
Introduction
1
One
The Dream of the Genetic Improvement of Mankind— The Formation of the International Eugenics Movement
11
Two
The First World War and Its Eff ffect on International Eugenics
29
Three
Racism, Internationalism, and Eugenics
47
Four
The Crisis of Orthodox Eugenics and the Rise of Human Genetics and Population Science
71
Five
National Socialist Germany and the National Eugenics Movement
91
Six
The Second World War and the Mass Murder of the Sick and Handicapped
121
Seven On “Good” and “Bad” Eugenics: Refocusing on Human Genetic Counseling and the Struggle against “Overpopulation”
133
Eight
The Renaissance of Racist Eugenics
157
Nine
The Dissolution of the Eugenics Movement: Will There Be Eugenics without Eugenicists?
181
Afterword
187
Notess
191
Sources and Bibliographyy
237
Index of Personss
279
Organizations, Conferences, Journals and Newspapers
285
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Abbr e v i at ions
The abbreviations for the archives are noted in the bibliography of sources and secondary literature. AES FILDSE FHU FREED GbAEV GRECE IAAEE IFEO IGRH IIA IIS I
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