Formation of Neuronal and Neuroglial Populations during Pre- and Postnatal Development of the CNS in Vertebrates
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Formation of Neuronal and Neuroglial Populations during Pre- and Postnatal Development of the CNS in Vertebrates D. K. Obukhov,1 T. A. Tsehmistrenko,2 E. V. Puschina,3 and A. A. Varaksin3
UDC 591.88:591.3(048)
Translated from Morfologiya, Vol. 156, No. 6, pp. 57–63, November–December, 2019. This article provides a brief review of concepts of the features of the pre- and postnatal development of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Particular attention is paid to questions of the origins of neuron populations at different periods of nervous system development. Neuron and glial populations are shown to arise from different sources: neural stem cells (NSC) give rise to the neurogenic epithelium by vertical migration in the brain wall, while closer to birth, their successors give rise to cells of the so-called radial glia (RG) and intermediate precursor cells (IPC). Replenishment of the neuron population in some parts of the brain occurs as a result of tangential migration of neuroblasts from the neurogenic zones located at great distances from the final site of neuron differentiation. The processes of neuro- and gliogenesis are affected by a large number of different growth, neurotrophic, and transcription factors. Questions of the features of postnatal neurogenesis in the adult nervous system in vertebrates and the potential of using model objects for studying this process in humans are discussed. Keywords: nervous system, pre- and postnatal development, Euro- and gliogenesis, vertebrates.
Studies of CNS formation in vertebrates and humans during both the embryonic and postnatal periods of development have in recent years led to significant changes in our understanding of the processes of the origination and formation of neuronal and neuroglial populations in the brain. These were found to have quite significant levels of heterogeneity in terms of both sources of development and times of formation [5, 6, 10, 13, 33]. The present study provides a brief review of our own research and published data on questions in the pre- and postnatal development of the nervous system in vertebrates. Development of neuronal and neuroglial populations in the prenatal period of development of the ner-
vous system. The initial source for the development of the first neuronal and neuroglial populations consists of neural stem cells (NSC), which develop from the neuroectoderm. During the process of its formation, the cells of the embryonic ectoderm are influenced by many signal molecules, particularly chordin, noggin, and follistatin, which are synthesized by cells in the surrounding embryonic rudiments (such as the chord) and induces the process forming future NSC [10]. NSC in the walls of the forming neural tube divide actively and, during passage through the cell cycle, undergo complex conversions associated with the sequential movement of the cell nucleus around the processes, a phenomenon termed interkinetic nuclear migration. This forms of the first structural formations in the developing wall of the neural tube – the vent
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