Formulation and Agricultural Application of Bacterial Volatile Compounds
Bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play critical roles in biological communications in the agroecosystem. At an optimum concentration and application duration, VOCs improve plant growth and health, and are therefore considered as a new source of
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Formulation and Agricultural Application of Bacterial Volatile Compounds Rouhallah Sharifi and Choong-Min Ryu
Abstract Bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play critical roles in biological communications in the agroecosystem. At an optimum concentration and application duration, VOCs improve plant growth and health, and are therefore considered as a new source of agrochemicals. To overcome the limitation of chemicals in nature, encapsulation of VOCs increases their stability and enables their slow-release. However, choosing the best encapsulation method and optimizing the encapsulation process are critical for obtaining a suitable formulation. Several encapsulation methods such as emulsion extrusion, coacervation, spray-drying, and freeze-drying have been exploited for preparing the formulations of volatiles such as pheromones, essential oils, and plant and microbial volatiles. Carbohydrates are the main wall materials for encapsulation, but proteins and synthetic polymers have many advantages and are therefore used as substitutes for carbohydrates or are mixed with carbohydrates in large-scale capsule production. Virus particles are also considered as bio-molecular carriers for the efficient delivery of agrochemicals, especially in the soil. It is necessary to control various quality indices of BVC capsules such as particle shape and size, encapsulation efficiency, release pattern, and chemical interaction between VOCs and the wall material. Altogether, encapsulation is a promising technology for the efficient application of VOCs in the field. Keywords Agrochemicals · Microencapsulation · Slow-release · Volatile organic compounds
R. Sharifi (*) Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran e-mail: r.sharifi@razi.ac.ir C.-M. Ryu Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 C.-M. Ryu et al. (eds.), Bacterial Volatile Compounds as Mediators of Airborne Interactions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7293-7_14
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R. Sharifi and C.-M. Ryu
Introduction
Agriculture business forms a large part of the world trade and is directly responsible for food production and feeding the increasing world population (Palocci et al. 2017). However, a significant part of the attainable agricultural yield is lost because of pests, diseases, and weeds. These invading agents threaten food safety and security all around the world. Plant protection experts and farmers exploit several methods, including pesticide application, to manage plant pests. Approximately 4.6 million tons of chemical pesticides are applied annually across the world (Zhao et al. 2017). Nonetheless, approximately 35% of the yield, amounting to approximately 550 billion dollars, is lost each year because of biotic stresses (Agrios 2005). Because this yield loss is much higher in the absence of chemical pesticides, the latter represent an indispensable part of the agricultur
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