Global transcriptomic responses orchestrate difenoconazole resistance in Penicillium spp. causing blue mold of stored ap
- PDF / 2,220,922 Bytes
- 15 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 46 Downloads / 199 Views
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Global transcriptomic responses orchestrate difenoconazole resistance in Penicillium spp. causing blue mold of stored apple fruit Franz J. Lichtner1* , Verneta L. Gaskins2, Kerik D. Cox3 and Wayne M. Jurick II2*
Abstract Background: Blue mold is a globally important and economically impactful postharvest disease of apples caused by multiple Penicillium spp. There are currently four postharvest fungicides registered for blue mold control, and some isolates have developed resistance manifesting in decay on fungicide-treated fruit during storage. To date, mechanisms of fungicide resistance have not been explored in this fungus using a transcriptomic approach. Results: We have conducted a comparative transcriptomic study by exposing naturally-occurring difenoconazole (DIF) resistant (G10) and sensitive (P11) blue mold isolates to technical grade difenoconazole, an azole fungicide in the commercial postharvest product Academy (Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC). Dynamic changes in gene expression patterns were observed encompassing candidates involved in active efflux and transcriptional regulators between the resistant and sensitive isolates. Unlike other systems, 3 isoforms of cytochrome P450 monoxygenase (CYP51A-C) were discovered and expressed in both sensitive and resistant strains upon difenoconazole treatment. Active efflux pumps were coordinately regulated in the resistant isolate and were shown to mediate the global resistance response as their inhibition reversed the difenoconazole-resistant phenotype in vitro. Conclusions: Our data support the observation that global transcriptional changes modulate difenoconazole resistance in Penicillium spp. While the dogma of CYP51 overexpression is supported in the resistant isolate, our studies shed light on additional new mechanisms of difenoconazole resistance on a global scale in Penicillium spp. These new findings broaden our fundamental understanding of azole fungicide resistance in fungi, which has identified multiple genetic targets, that can be used for the detection, management, and abatement of difenoconazole-resistant blue mold isolates during long-term storage of apples. Keywords: Transcriptomics, Azole fungicides, Blue mold, Penicillium spp., Global gene networks, Active efflux pumps, Postharvest decay, Transcriptional regulators, Antimicrobial resistance
* Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The im
Data Loading...
