Green technology for the industrial production of biofuels and bioproducts from microalgae: a review
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REVIEW
Green technology for the industrial production of biofuels and bioproducts from microalgae: a review Doris Ying Ying Tang1 · Guo Yong Yew1 · Apurav Krishna Koyande1 · Kit Wayne Chew2 · Dai‑Viet N. Vo3 · Pau Loke Show1 Received: 2 June 2020 / Accepted: 10 July 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Rise in human population and gradual decline in fossil fuels are increasing the demand for fuels and causing an upsurge in fuel prices and global warming. Concomitantly, consumers have raised their health awareness by taking various supplements, e.g. omega-3 fatty acids, thus calling for advanced nutraceuticals. Both issues are addressed by recent research on microalgae, which can be easily cultivated to produce lipidic biofuels and active drugs. Here, we reviewed the types and biosynthesis of microalgal lipids. We discuss genetic engineering and manipulation of cultivation conditions for enhancing lipid production. We present techniques for lipid extraction, with focus on green techniques. We also discuss the technical and economic challenges in manufacturing microalgae-based biofuels and other bioproducts at the industrial scale. Last, the market potentials and further research directions for future commercialization of microalgae lipids are discussed. Keywords Microalgae · Lipid · Genetic engineering · Nutrient stress · Extraction Abbreviations Acetyl-CoA Acetyl coenzyme A ADP Adenosine diphosphate AMOP Aquatic microbial oxygenic photoautotroph ATP Adenosine triphosphate CRISPR-Cas9 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat Fad Fatty acid desaturase genes RNAi Ribonucleic acid interference SDNs Site-directed nucleases
* Pau Loke Show [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2
School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, 43900 Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
3
Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam
TALENs Transcription activator-like effector nuclease ZFNs Zinc-finger nucleases
Introduction Over the last few decades, microalgae have been studied extensively due to their various benefits. These oil-amassing species have the potential for production of biofuel and other high-value products in industrial scale. The BP statistical review of world energy published in June 2018 highlighted that fossil fuels including crude oil, coal and natural gas are projected to exhaust in the next 50 years (Dudley 2018). This emphasizes the extensive exploitation of fossil fuels and thus elevation of the levels of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in atmosphere. The global greenhouse gas concentration had reached 400 ppm in 2016, which was 146% higher than that of pre-industrial era. To reduce or maintain this concentration, developed
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