Heal the heart through gut (hormone) ghrelin: a potential player to combat heart failure
- PDF / 2,179,438 Bytes
- 19 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 0 Downloads / 248 Views
Heal the heart through gut (hormone) ghrelin: a potential player to combat heart failure Shreyasi Gupta 1
&
Arkadeep Mitra 2
Accepted: 21 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Ghrelin, a small peptide hormone (28 aa), secreted mainly by X/A-like cells of gastric mucosa, is also locally produced in cardiomyocytes. Being an orexigenic factor (appetite stimulant), it promotes release of growth hormone (GH) and exerts diverse physiological functions, viz. regulation of energy balance, glucose, and/or fat metabolism for body weight maintenance. Interestingly, administration of exogenous ghrelin significantly improves cardiac functions in CVD patients as well as experimental animal models of heart failure. Ghrelin ameliorates pathophysiological condition of the heart in myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, cachexia, and ischemia reperfusion injury. This peptide also exerts significant impact at the level of vasculature leading to lowering high blood pressure and reversal of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanism of actions elucidating the healing effects of ghrelin on the cardiovascular system is still a matter of conjecture. Some experimental data indicate its beneficial effects via complex cellular cross talks between autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular cells, some other suggest more direct receptor–mediated molecular actions via autophagy or ionotropic regulation and interfering with apoptotic and inflammatory pathways of cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Here, in this review, we summarise available recent data to encourage more research to find the missing links of unknown ghrelin receptor–mediated pathways as we see ghrelin as a future novel therapy in cardiovascular protection. Keywords Ghrelin . GHSR-1A . Heart . Blood vessels . Cardiomyocytes
Introduction Ghrelin, a 28 amino acid (aa) peptide, was first purified from rat stomach in 1999 [1]. Although this peptide hormone is produced predominantly in X/A cells or ‘ghrelin cells’ of gastric oxyntic mucosa of duodenum in adults and ε cells of from pancreatic islets in foetus [2], ghrelin mRNA and protein are also distributed in different tissues including cardiomyocytes and endothelium of blood vessels [3, 4]. In recent years, studies revealed a plethora of functions of ghrelin including appetite stimulation, gut motility, gastric acid secretion, taste sensation and glucose metabolism, sleep/wake rhythm, learning and memory, reward seeking behaviour, and cardiovascular protection [5]. Ghrelin induce GH secretion from pituitary,
* Arkadeep Mitra [email protected] 1
Department of Zoology, Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Raniganj, Paschim Bardhaman 713347, India
2
Department of Zoology, City College , 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata 700009, India
called growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), and can regulate hypothalamus-pituitary axis [6, 7]. In nomenclature, ‘ghre’ comes from the Proto-Indo-European root of the word
Data Loading...
