Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Soils and Street Dust of the Southeastern Administrative District of Moscow: Long-Term Data
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ADATION, REHABILITATION, AND CONSERVATION OF SOILS
Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Soils and Street Dust of the Southeastern Administrative District of Moscow: Long-Term Data D. V. Ladonina, * and A. P. Mikhaylovaa aLomonosov
Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia *e-mail: [email protected]
Received January 15, 2020; revised April 20, 2020; accepted April 24, 2020
Abstract—The soils and street dust of the Southeastern administrative district of Moscow were analyzed for chemical properties and the content of acid-soluble and mobile compounds of heavy metals (HMs) and arsenic over three time spans: the end of industrial (1995), transitional (2004 and 2012), and recent postindustrial (2017) periods of the city development. The acid–base properties of soils and street dust have not changed during this period. However, the content of exchangeable sodium has considerably increased (to 20-fold), as well as the contents of calcium and organic matter. The total HM and arsenic contents in soils and street dust tend to decrease because of a reduction in the number of industrial facilities and periodic replacement of lawn soils. Ag, Hg, Sb, Zn, and As have the highest clarkes of concentration in soils and Sb, Zn, Hg, Ag, Cu, Pb, Mo, As, Cd, Cr, and Ni, in street dust. The degree of extraction of the acid-soluble compounds of several HMs in soils and street dust is very high but it decreases from 1995 to 2017. The amount of mobile HM compounds has decreased. However, the share of soil and street dust samples with the Cu, Zn, and Pb mobile compounds exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations is still high. Keywords: urban soils, urbanozems, street dust, pollution, heavy metals, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry DOI: 10.1134/S1064229320110095
INTRODUCTION The history of Moscow goes back several centuries. Over this large time span, both the anthropogenic and technogenic impacts on the urban soil have significantly changed, following the development of the community. Over several last decades, Moscow has completed the industrial period of its development and switched to a postindustrial development. Large industrial facilities, which were major contaminators of urban soils with heavy metals (HMs), such as the Likhachev Plant, Moskvich Factory, Moscow Metallurgical Plant, First Bearing Plant, and Moscow Tire Plant, not only stopped the production but completely disappeared from the city map [2]. Large volumes of construction works associated with translocation of ground as well as the landscaping activities enhanced almost ubiquitous (except for municipal parks and urban forests) renewal of the upper urban soil layer. This has resulted in that the pollutants having accumulated in the upper part of the urban soil profile have been either covered with a new soil layer or cut off and removed. It seems unlikely that all these activities enhanced the fundamental decrease in the degree of soil pollu-
tion with HMs. A large number of small industrial facilities continue their activities in the city area as well as
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