Hemolymph of molluscan origin: from biochemistry to modern biomaterials science
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T.C. BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS
Hemolymph of molluscan origin: from biochemistry to modern biomaterials science Tomasz Machałowski1,2 · Teofil Jesionowski1 Received: 28 September 2020 / Accepted: 23 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Molluscan hemolymph is a unique kind of body fluid, which in many respects is analogous to human blood, although there are several crucial differences. Here, for the first time, we critically analyze the prospects for applications of this fluid in modern biomaterials science. Particular attention is paid to the biochemistry and chemistry of molluscan hemolymph, as well as to hemocytes and hemocyanins as key functional players within this unique biological fluid. We focus on hemocytes as multifunctional hemolytic cells involved in immune response, and especially in the biomineralization process. The next part of the review contains a discussion of molluscan shell formation and regeneration from different points of view. Finally, we consider the challenges, solutions, and future directions in the application of molluscan hemolymph for bioinspired material chemistry and biomedicine. Keywords Hemolymph · Hemocytes · Biomimetic · Scaffolds · Biomaterials · Biomineralization
1 Introduction The phylum Mollusca, with around 200,000 living species [1], represents a huge, morphologically, and ecologically diverse group of invertebrate animals. This phylum is the second largest after Arthropoda [2]. Scientific interest in these animals is also very diverse, and includes such topics as the use of selective classes (Gastropoda and Bivalvia) as natural environmental biomarkers [3–8], and as large-scale sources of feed and food [1, 9–12] obtained from helicicultures [13–18] and aquacultures [19]. Industrially cultivated, or harvested, mollusks are a well-known source of huge amounts of shell-based waste materials worldwide. One of the novel directions in the utilization of molluscan shells is based on their demineralization [20] and the isolation * Tomasz Machałowski [email protected] * Teofil Jesionowski [email protected] 1
Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav‑Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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of organic matrices known as conchixes [21]. Some other products of molluscan origin, for example, molluscan slime (mucus), have found applications in the pharmaceutical, bioengineering and cosmetic industries [16, 22–24]. Undervalued over the years, molluscan hemolymph is also now recognized as a potential source of biomacromolecules (peptides) with antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer activity. Such terrestrial gastropod species as Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), Cornu aspersum (ex. Helix aspersa) (Müller, 1774) and the aquatic mollusk species as Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846), Megathura crenulata (Sowerby, 1825) are
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