Hormones and Pharmaceuticals Generated by Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
Hormones and Pharmaceuticals Generated by Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: Transport in Water and Soil examines how hormones, antibiotics and pharmaceuticals generated from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) of cattle, poultry, swine an
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Laurence S. Shore • Amy Pruden Editors
Hormones and Pharmaceuticals Generated by Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Transport in Water and Soil
Editors Laurence S. Shore Departments of Endocrinology and Toxicology
Kimron Veterinary Institute Bet Dagan 50250 Israel
Amy Pruden Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
ISSN 1868-1344 e-ISSN 1868-1352 ISBN 978-0-387-92833-3 e-ISBN 978-0-387-92834-0 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-92834-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009927503 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Cover illustration: Hercules cleaning the stables of Augeus. The stables of Augeus were a CAFO of three thousand cattle. The manure was allowed to accumulate for thirty years and not used for fertilization. Hercules was assigned the task of cleaning the stables in one day. He did this by diverting two rivers to pass through the stables which resulted in the surrounding fields receiving the necessary nutrients. Photo © Maicar Forlag—www.maicar.com. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Steroidal hormones have existed nearly as long as early multi-cellular life forms first emerged. This means that nature has long developed methods for removing them from the environment but it also means that many life forms as simple as corals and snails use the steroid hormones in their reproductive cycles. What is of concern is that the concentrations of steroid hormones released from CAFOs has resulted in concentrations of hormones not previously seen in nature and has the potential to disrupt ecology of the exposed areas. For example, a dairy barn of 100 cows produces about 2 kg of estrogen/year while the estrogens can affect fish and plants at the 10 ng/L level. Measuring the transport of steroids in the environment has the advantage in that the kg amounts of steroids produced per year by just a small CAFO can be easily traced as they move through the environment. Each of the major steroids produced has different mobility (mobile, partially mobile, and immobile) in the environment and these differences in mobility
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