Human time perspective and its structural associations with voxel-based morphometry and gyrification
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Human time perspective and its structural associations with voxel-based morphometry and gyrification Simon Schmitt 1,2 & Bianca Besteher 2 & Christian Gaser 2,3 & Igor Nenadić 1,2 Received: 20 December 2019 / Revised: 22 September 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Time perspective refers to humans’ concept of integrating and evaluating temporal position and evaluation of memories, emotions, and experiences. We tested the hypothesis that different aspects of time perspective, as assessed with the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) are related to variation of brain structure in non-clinical subjects. Analysing data from n = 177 psychiatrically healthy subjects using voxel-based morphometry with the CAT12 software package, we identified several significant (p < 0.05 FWE, cluster-level corrected) associations. The factors past negative, reflecting a negative attitude towards past events and present fatalistic, measuring a hopeless and fatalistic attitude towards future life, were both negatively associated with grey matter volumes of the anterior insula. The ZTPI factor future was negatively associated with precuneus grey matter. There was no association of ZTPI scores with gyrification using an absolute mean curvature method, a marker of early brain development. These findings provide a link between a general psychological construct of time perspective and brain structural variations in key areas related to time keeping (anterior insula) and the default mode network (precuneus), both of which overlap with variation in behavioral aspects and psychopathology. Keywords Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) . Time perspective . Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) . Gyrification . Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI)
Introduction The concept of time perspective in psychology refers to “cognitive frames” of temporal processing, which include macrolevel “encoding, storing, and recalling experienced events”, as well as the formation “of expectations, goals, contingencies, and imaginative scenarios” (Zimbardo and Boyd 1999). In the broader concept of processing of time on the neural level (Wittmann 2009, 2013), temporal perspective goes beyond simple estimated comparisons of temporal features. Rather, in the conceptualisation put forward by Zimbardo and Boyd (1999), time perspective is thought to reflect a fundamental * Igor Nenadić [email protected] 1
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg / Marburg University Hospital - UKGM, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35039 Marburg, Germany
2
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
3
Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
and pervasive (although often not conscious) factor in judgments, decision making and initiation of actions (Rönnlund et al. 2019). In order to quantify deviations from optimal time perspective profiles the construct balanced time perspective has been introduced which refers to the mental ability to switch
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