Hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in the waterlogged area of southwest Punjab
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Hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in the waterlogged area of southwest Punjab Diksha Pant 1,2 & Tirumalesh Keesari 1,2 & Madhuri S. Rishi 3 & Diana Anoubam Sharma 1,3 & Ajay Jaryal 1 & Suryakant Namdev Kamble 1 & Uday Kumar Sinha 1 Received: 25 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract This study describes the geochemical processes controlling the quality of groundwater in waterlogged parts of Muktsar district of southwest Punjab, India. The order of cations remains the same for pre- and postmonsoon samples, i.e. Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, while anion order changes from SO42− > HCO3− ≅ Cl− > NO3− in premonsoon to HCO3− >> SO42− > Cl− > NO3− in postmonsoon. Significant number of samples (57%) belongs to Na–Cl type in premonsoon indicating dissolution of evaporites present in unsaturated zone, which in postmonsoon represent mixed Ca–Na–HCO3 type. Calcite, dolomite and gypsum were found to be major contributors to alkaline earth metals, while silicate weathering and ion exchange contribute alkali metals to groundwater. This study also helps in differentiating the geochemical behaviour of groundwater in waterlogged regions as well as unaffected regions. Keywords Hydrochemical facies . Ion exchange . Silicate weathering . Carbonate weathering
Introduction Natural resources and their sustainable utilization is of utmost importance, especially for fast-developing countries like India. With 17% of the world total population, India needs a judicious plan for managing the natural resources (Kurunthachalam 2013). The current situation of groundwater quality is alarming in India with many parts of north western region salinized (Fig. 1a). Although India has a rich river network with an average discharge of 1953 km 3 /year (Kumar et al. 2005), the utilizable resource is 692 km3/year in the case of surface water and 396 km3/year in the case of This article is part of the Topical Collection on Recent advanced techniques in water resources management * Tirumalesh Keesari [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Isotope Hydrology Section, Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India
2
Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India
3
Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
groundwater. Reports indicate that over 38 million people are affected by waterborne diseases every year (Gupta 2012) and increased agricultural activities are damaging the fresh groundwater by adding high nitrate, pesticides, etc. About 200 districts of 17 Indian states are affected by high levels of fluoride in groundwater (Singaraja et al. 2013, Srinivasamoorthy et al. 2012; Singh and Mahipal 2018). On the other hand, groundwater in parts of Ganga and Brahmaputra plains are arsenic contaminated affecting 26 million people (Hoque 2013). Apart from heavy metal toxicity, salinity in groundwater (inland and coastal) is also a m
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