Hydrochemical, isotopic, and reservoir characterization of the Pasinler (Erzurum) geothermal field, eastern Turkey
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Hydrochemical, isotopic, and reservoir characterization of the Pasinler (Erzurum) geothermal field, eastern Turkey Esra Hatipoğlu Temizel 1 & Fatma Gültekin 1 Received: 23 September 2016 / Accepted: 12 December 2017 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2017
Abstract The reservoir temperature and conceptual model of the Pasinler geothermal area, which is one of the most important geothermal areas in Eastern Anatolia, are determined by considering its hydrogeochemical and isotope properties. The geothermal waters have a temperature of 51 °C in the geothermal wells and are of Na–Cl–HCO3 type. The isotope contents of geothermal waters indicate that they are of meteoric origin and that they recharge on higher elevations than cold waters. The geothermal waters are of immature water class and their reservoir temperatures are calculated as 122–155 °C, and their cold water mixture rate is calculated as 32%. According to the δ13CVPDB values, the carbon in the geothermal waters originated from the dissolved carbon in the groundwaters and mantle-based CO2 gases. According to the δ34SCDT values, the sources of sulfur in the geothermal waters are volcanic sulfur, oil and coal, and limestones. The sources of the major ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, and HCO3−) in the geothermal waters are ion exchange and plagioclase and silicate weathering. It is determined that the volcanic rocks in the area have effects on the water chemistry and elements like Zn, Rb, Sr, and Ba originated from the rhyolite, rhyolitic tuff, and basalts. The rare earth element (REE) content of the geothermal waters is low, and according to the normalized REE diagrams, the light REE are getting depleted and heavy REE are getting enriched. The positive Eu and negative Ce anomalies of waters indicate oxygen-rich environments. Keywords Pasinler geothermal area . Hydrogeochemistry . Isotope geochemistry . Water–rock interaction . Conceptual model . Erzurum, Turkey
Introduction Turkey is located in volcanic regions and active earthquake lines; thus, it is very rich in geothermal waters. The number of thermal sources is more than 1500, but about 200 of them are operated as spas. Despite the high potential of the sources, the spa tourism in Turkey is only regional. Geothermal areas in Turkey are investigated intensively along the grabens at Western Anatolia (Filiz 1982; Simsek 1982; Gülec 1988; Simsek 1997; Gemici and Filiz 2001; Yılmazer 2001; Tarcan 2002; Tarcan and Gemici 2003; Tarcan 2005; Magri et al. 2010; Karakus and Simsek 2013; Bundschuh et al. 2013), the Northern Anatolian fault zone,
* Esra Hatipoğlu Temizel [email protected] 1
Department of Geological Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
and Central (Gultekin et al. 2011; Baba and Sanliyuksel 2011; Pasvanoglu and Gultekin 2012). But, there are very few geothermal studies in the Eastern Anatolian volcanic region (Pasvanoğlu 2013; Yüce and Taskıran 2013; Firat Ersoy and Calik Sönmez 2014). Pasinler, located 40 km to the east of Erzurum City, is one of the geothe
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