In vivo imaging of therapy-induced anti-cancer immune responses in humans
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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
REVIEW
In vivo imaging of therapy-induced anti-cancer immune responses in humans Erik H. J. G. Aarntzen • Mangala Srinivas • Caius G. Radu Cornelis J. A. Punt • Otto C. Boerman • Carl G. Figdor • Wim J. G. Oyen • I. Jolanda M. de Vries
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Received: 7 June 2012 / Revised: 27 August 2012 / Accepted: 3 September 2012 / Published online: 5 October 2012 Ó The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Immunotherapy aims to re-engage and revitalize the immune system in the fight against cancer. Research over the past decades has shown that the relationship between the immune system and human cancer is complex, highly dynamic, and variable between individuals. Considering the complexity, enormous effort and costs involved in optimizing immunotherapeutic approaches, clinically applicable tools to monitor therapy-induced immune responses in vivo are most warranted. However, the development of such tools is complicated by the fact that a developing immune response encompasses several body compartments, e.g., peripheral tissues, lymph nodes, lymphatic and vascular systems, as well as the tumor site itself. Moreover, the cells that comprise the immune system are not static but constantly circulate through the vascular and lymphatic system.
Molecular imaging is considered the favorite candidate to fulfill this task. The progress in imaging technologies and modalities has provided a versatile toolbox to address these issues. This review focuses on the detection of therapyinduced anticancer immune responses in vivo and provides a comprehensive overview of clinically available imaging techniques as well as perspectives on future developments. In the discussion, we will focus on issues that specifically relate to imaging of the immune system and we will discuss the strengths and limitations of the current clinical imaging techniques. The last section provides future directions that we envision to be crucial for further development.
E. H. J. G. Aarntzen M. Srinivas C. G. Figdor I. J. M. de Vries (&) Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected]
Abbreviations
E. H. J. G. Aarntzen Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands E. H. J. G. Aarntzen O. C. Boerman W. J. G. Oyen Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands C. G. Radu Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA C. J. A. Punt Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Keywords Immunotherapy Functional imaging Dendritic cells PET Scintigraphy MRI
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Indium Carbon 124 Iodine 18 Fluorine (positron emitter) 19 Fluorine 86 Zirco
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