Interactive effects of chitosan and cadmium on growth, secondary metabolism, oxidative defense, and element uptake in pe
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Interactive effects of chitosan and cadmium on growth, secondary metabolism, oxidative defense, and element uptake in pea (Pisum sativum L.) Rizwan Rasheed 1 & Muhammad Arslan Ashraf 1
&
Asma Arshad 1 & Muhammad Iqbal 1 & Iqbal Hussain 1
Received: 9 July 2019 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract Chitosan is an important mediator of plant stress tolerance due to its ability to promote antioxidant system. In the present research, we appraised the effects of chitosan supplemented as foliar or seed priming methods to circumvent cadmium (Cd) effects on pea plants. Cd stress significantly reduced plant biomass, yield attributes, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents. Antioxidant compounds, namely flavonoids and anthocyanins, decreased whereas there was more significant accretion in phenolics and ascorbic acid in Cd-stressed plants. Antioxidant enzyme activities were higher in Cd-administered plants. The accumulation of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and phosphorous (P) decreased in plants subjected to Cd stress. Cd toxicity produced conspicuous oxidative damage measured as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Exogenous chitosan as foliar spray notably promoted antioxidant defense system with concomitant decrease in oxidative damage. Under both modes of chitosan application, lower doses (0.05 and 0.1%) were more effective than higher (0.5 and 1%). Cadmium contents in different plant parts decreased when chitosan was applied at 0.05 and 0.1% concentration. The present study revealed that chitosan is an essential plant growth regulator at low concentrations to mitigate Cd effects on pea plants. Keywords Chitosan . Heavy metal stress . Nutrient acquisition . Oxidative stress . Non-enzymatic antioxidants
Abbreviations ROS Reactive oxygen species ECe Electrical conductivity CEC Cation exchange capacity Ca Calcium K Potassium
Introduction Anthropogenic and natural sources continuously supplement Cd to the soil (Ahmad et al. 2015; Shirani Bidabadi et al. 2018). The major contribution to soil Cd comes from industrial processes such as smelting and mining, weathering of Responsible Editor: Haroun Chenchouni * Muhammad Arslan Ashraf [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
rocks, and excessive application of phosphate fertilizer in agriculture sector. Plants are likely to uptake substantial amount of Cd that causes metabolic dysfunction including chlorophyll degradation, decline in photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation and metabolism, gas exchange parameters along with the alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities and chlorophyll fluorescence (Alyemeni et al. 2018; Khosropour et al. 2019). Cadmium is highly toxic to animals and plants even in very low amount. Cadmium toxicity relies on its high soil to plant mobility that damages normal metabolism (Rocco et al. 2018). Plants translocate Cd to edible plant parts whose consumption negatively affects animals and human health (Kubo e
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