Investigating the effect of age and gender of users on improving spirituality by using EEG
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Investigating the effect of age and gender of users on improving spirituality by using EEG Jamal-e-Din MahdiNejad1 • Hamidreza Azemati1 • Ali Sadeghi habibabad1
•
Pietro Matracchi2
Received: 10 October 2020 / Revised: 6 November 2020 / Accepted: 16 November 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The current study aims to examine the effect of age and gender of users on spirituality by using an experiment. Literature believes that age and gender have a huge effect on increased or decreased spirituality. The current study aims to examine these theories by a scientific and rational method and using cognitive neuroscience (recording electroencephalograph). In order to do this, an electroencephalograph was recorded for 45 users. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between age and gender of users and spirituality (F = 4.1, p \ 0.05) (F = 3.8, p \ 0.05). Results showed that users at older ages reached spirituality sooner. Thus, it can be said in regard to the relationship between age and formation/improvement of spirituality that users at older ages reach spirituality sooner than users at younger ages. Results of data analysis showed that alpha and theta brain signals increased in male students at the 30–35 age range; while this increase was slower at the 20–29 age range. Keywords Spirituality Age and gender EEG Cognitive neuroscience Neuroscience of religion Mosques
Background The relationship between gender and spirituality is one of great interest. Many scholars grasp to understand this interaction. Most agree that women tend to be more religious than men (Hammermeister et al 2005a). Spirituality is a global phenomenon and everyone experience it. The concept of spirituality has different meanings depending on the cultural and philosophical background. Further research is suggested in this area, especially in the Islamic–Iranian context (Razaghi et al 2015). Spirituality is embedded within culture (Cobb 2001; & Ali Sadeghi habibabad [email protected] Jamal-e-Din MahdiNejad [email protected] Hamidreza Azemati [email protected] 1
School of Architecture and Urban Design Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University (SRTTU), P. O. Box: 16785-16, Lavizan, Tehran, Iran
2
DIDA-Department of Architecture, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Lewis 2008; Loewenthal et al 2001), where culture is understood as a system of ideas, rules, meanings, and ways of living and thinking that are built up, shared, and expressed by a particular group of people, often of the same ethnic background (Selman et al 2011). Religious buildings have a significant role in Muslims’ culture. The architects have developed some features in designing such buildings that create a unique sense of comfort and spiritual state in humans (Sadeghi Habibabad et al 2020a). Spirituality is a lost human concept and meaning in the universe that is independent of time and place. It is an inclusive concept, which affects everyone (MahdiNejad et al 2019
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