Investigation and evaluation of salinity gradient power in Arvand River estuary using pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) me
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Investigation and evaluation of salinity gradient power in Arvand River estuary using pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) method S. Khodadadian Elikaiy1 · K. Lari1 · M. Torabi Azad1 · A. Sabetahd Jahromi2 · A. Mohseni Arasteh1 Received: 21 June 2020 / Revised: 10 October 2020 / Accepted: 19 October 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract The salinity gradient power is the energy of the entropy of mixing the two solutions at different salt concentrations. The estuary of the river as a place of the mixture of seawater and freshwater has great potential of this kind of renewable energy. In this research, this potential in Arvand River estuary and its effective factors is analyzed and evaluated. By examining the calculations on the data of three hydrometric stations located on Arvand River, in Khorramshahr station, the mixture of 1.26 m3 of seawater with salinity of 40 ppt with 0.174 m3of river water with 1.17 ppt of salinity leads to the highest energy at 739.85 MW. Also, the penetration length of saline water and water residence time on the estuaries of the rivers leading to the Persian Gulf has a significant effect on the salinity gradient power. According to the calculations carried out under HWS and Arvand River mean discharge, the maximum saline water penetration length into estuary associated with Arvand River is 41 km. The maximum residence time of seawater in Arvand River estuary is 8.9 days. Keywords Salinity gradient power · Gibbs energy · Pressure retarded osmosis · Arvand River
Introduction One of the new members of the family of renewable energies is the SGP electricity. The salinity gradient power is the energy obtained from the entropy of mixing the two solutions with different salt concentrations. The river estuary, which is the location of mixing the freshwater with sea salt, is a potential source of this energy. Entropy and enthalpy alone cannot indicate that a reaction is performed spontaneously. For this purpose, a thermodynamic function is introduced. This function is called the Gibbs free energy (G) (Zhang et al. 2016). From a thermodynamic point of view, the Gibbs free energy is the driving force of energy generation in a mixture of solutions with a gradient salinity gradient. Gibbs free energy represents the spontaneous energy contained in a closed system. Gibbs free energy is a positive chemical performance system which, for a solution, is a positive function of the concentration of a dilute molecule. Editorial responsibility: Senthil Kumar Ponnusamy. * K. Lari [email protected] 1
North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran
2
Therefore, the highest potential for energy is released when the higher salt concentration in the aqueous solution is mixed with the fresh water solution (or low salt water). Such a potential is used to generate electricity in cases where low salinity flows into the salty sea. Generating energy from the salinity gradient has little environmental impact, because th
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