Key parameters optimization of chitosan production from Aspergillus terreus using apple waste extract as sole carbon sou
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RESEARCH PAPER
Key parameters optimization of chitosan production from Aspergillus terreus using apple waste extract as sole carbon source Alireza Habibi1 · Salar Karami2 · Kambiz Varmira3 · Malihe Hadadi1 Received: 25 January 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Chitosan is commonly obtained from shrimp and crab shell chitin by deacetylation; however, such supplies appear limitation. An alternative source of chitosan is cell wall in certain fungi. In this study, chitosan production through submerged fermentation of Aspergillus terreus on apple waste extract as sole carbon source was investigated. Monod equation with a maximum specific growth rate of 0.083 h−1 and half-saturation constant of 6.67 w/v% was best described the kinetic of growth. Results of response surface methodology showed the highest chitosan to substrate yield of 49.32 mg gsubstrate−1, chitosan to fungal biomass yield of 140.9 mg g cell−1, and fungal biomass to substrate yield of 0.387 g cell gsubstrate−1 were simultaneously obtained at temperature 30.0 °C, initial pH 5.98, and ammonium nitrate concentration 5.0 g L −1. The chitosan produced at the optimum condition was characterized by FTIR, TGA, and DSC analysis, and degree of deacetylation was 88.2%. Graphic abstract
Keywords Fungal chitosan · Aspergillus terreus · Fruit residue · Process optimization
* Alireza Habibi [email protected] 1
Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
3
Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Introduction Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1–4)-linked d-glucosamine β-(1 → 4)-linked d -glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl- d -glucosamine (acetylated unit) [1]. Chitosan has widespread application in food [2, 3], paper [4], pharmaceutical industries [5–7], and as well as in agriculture [5–8] and
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wastewater treatment [5, 7, 8], mainly due to the non-toxicity, high absorption potential, biodegradability and also high possibility to get many derivatives of it [5–9]. Chitosan is obtained by deacetylation in strong alkaline solutions (for example NaOH) and by enzymatic hydrolysis (chitin deacetylase) of chitin [10]. The primary source of chitin is the marine resources, such as exoskeletons of the insects, shells of crustaceans, i.e., shrimps, and backbone of squids. However, nowadays use of new techniques for the cultivation of fungal cells has been considered for its production over the past few decades [5–7]. On the other hand, production of chitin and chitosan from fungal mycelium has recently provided powerful tools in control of the molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of chitosan by varying fermentation conditions [11]. Generally, the molecular weight of chitosan produced from crustacean sources is high (abo
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