Long Acting Rumen Drug Delivery Systems
Because of the unique anatomy of the digestive system of ruminant animals, drug delivery technologies can be designed to be retained in the rumen for prolonged periods permitting drug release for durations of up to 12 months (or even longer). Since the b
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Long Acting Rumen Drug Delivery Systems Thierry F. Vandamme and Michael J. Rathbone
Abstract Because of the unique anatomy of the digestive system of ruminant animals, drug delivery technologies can be designed to be retained in the rumen for prolonged periods permitting drug release for durations of up to 12 months (or even longer). Since the beginning of the 1980s different technologies have been developed to prolong the release of antibiotics, anthelmintics, trace elements, growth promoting agents, and minerals to the rumen of cattle and sheep. Successful development of intraruminal devices must take into account the anatomy and physiology at the site of drug release from the technology and the disease state the drug is treating. The formulation scientist should have a sound knowledge of physical pharmacy and an appreciation of plastic product design. This chapter describes historical and recently developed long acting veterinary rumen technologies, defines the relevance of the anatomy and physiology of the rumen to the development of a ruminal drug delivery technology, provides an insight into the disease state of nematode infestation as an example of a clinical condition for which long acting drug products have commercial value, and describes a case study of a delivery system that was developed specifically to deliver anthelmintic compounds for the treatment of nematode infestations.
T.F. Vandamme (*) Laboratoire de Conception et d’Application des Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France e-mail: [email protected] M.J. Rathbone Division of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia M.J. Rathbone and A. McDowell (eds.), Long Acting Animal Health Drug Products: Fundamentals and Applications, Advances in Delivery Science and Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4439-8_10, © Controlled Release Society 2013
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T.F. Vandamme and M.J. Rathbone
Introduction
Many challenges face the formulation scientist when developing a long acting veterinary drug delivery technology. Whether one is developing a drug product for a small animal or a livestock animal, obstacles include the anatomy and physiology of the animals which varies greatly between species (and within the same species); different sizes and weights of animals; the need to devise some method of administering the product to the animal; the need to devise some method for retaining the product in the animal for the duration of release; and, for livestock animals, the fact that the meat, milk, or eggs of these animals will be consumed and therefore the protection of the health of the consumer must be considered. In the past 40 years, many long acting veterinary drug delivery technologies have been developed specifically for use in animals. These advancements have led to the improvement of veterinary practice, animal health and welfare, livestock animal management practices, and the improvement in the treatment of key pathologies [1]. For small animals these technological adva
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