Markers of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) degradation in highly contaminated soil of Central Russia
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Markers of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) degradation in highly contaminated soil of Central Russia Natalia Malina 1
&
Elena A. Mazlova 1 & Olga Kulikova 1
Received: 24 March 2020 / Accepted: 11 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The highly polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)–contaminated historical soil is located in the Serpukhov region (Central Russia). This study evaluates the processes of PCB degradation in the soil under natural conditions. Compositions of industrial mixtures (Sovol, Sovtol, and trichlorodiphenyl) were compared with PCB-contaminated soil from different depths. An increased number of dichlorobiphenyls (6 congeners) were determined in the deeper soil horizons (40–60 cm) in comparison with the surface layer (1 congener). Non-associated with industrial mixture congener, PCB 11 was determined in some soil layers with concentrations reaching 3.6 mg/kg. PCB 11 can be considered as a potential marker of activated degradation processes in highly contaminated soils with industrial mixtures. Aegopodium podagraria reduced total PCB concentrations in the contaminated soil to 25% during pot experiments. Prospective precursors of PCB 11 were significantly depleted (62–88%) after phytoremediation, but this did not increase PCB 11 concentration in the soil. Keywords Dichlorinated biphenyls . Environmental monitoring . Natural attenuation . Polluted soil . Polychlorinated biphenyls . Phytoremediation
Introduction Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent serious environmental problems due to their persistence, high toxicity, and strong accumulation in the food chain. PCBs were manufactured from 1934 until 1995 in Russia, and from the 1920s until 1979 and 1987 in the USA and the EU, respectively. Large quantities of PCBs were released into the environment during the production period and caused serious environmental contamination in certain regions (Lehtinen et al. 2014; Baqar et al. 2017; Cassin et al. 2018; Su et al. 2018). Therefore, continuous monitoring of PCBs in the ecosystem Responsible editor: Kitae Baek Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09712-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Natalia Malina [email protected] 1
Department of Industrial Ecology, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Leninskiy pr-t 65k1, Moscow, Russian Federation 119991
should be performed to predict the possible impact on human health (Leong et al. 2014; Ahmed et al. 2016; Custer et al. 2018; Weber et al. 2018; Sari et al. 2020). Identification of the degradation products (Nagayoshi et al. 2018), which should be presumably less toxic, could help to collect useful data for the development of remediation technology, and to contribute in the determination of the rates and mechanisms of natural attenuation in the areas of high historical contamination. In terms of PCBs, natural attenuation is a time-consuming process, and there has always been a controver
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