Microbial contamination and its associations with major ions in shallow groundwater along coastal Tamil Nadu
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Microbial contamination and its associations with major ions in shallow groundwater along coastal Tamil Nadu U. Vasudevan . Rakesh Roshan Gantayat . S. Chidambaram . M. V. Prasanna . S. Venkatramanan . N. Devaraj . M. Nepolian . N. Ganesh
Received: 14 February 2020 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Microbes in groundwater play a key role in determining the drinking water quality of the water. The study aims to interpret the sources of microbes in groundwater and its relationship to geochemistry. The study was carried out by collecting groundwater samples and analyzed to obtain various cations and anions, where HCO3-, Cl- and NO3- found to be higher than permissible limits in few samples. Microbial analysis, like total coliform (TC), total viable counts (TVC), fecal coliforms (FC), Vibrio cholera (V. cholerae) and total Streptococci (T. streptococci) were U. Vasudevan S. Chidambaram N. Devaraj M. Nepolian N. Ganesh Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, India R. R. Gantayat M. V. Prasanna Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia S. Chidambaram Water Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait S. Venkatramanan (&) Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam e-mail: [email protected] S. Venkatramanan Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
analyzed, and the observations reveal that most of the samples were found to be above the permissible limits adopted by EU, BIS, WHO and USEPA standards. Correlation analysis shows good correlation between Mg2?–HCO3-, K?–NO3-, TVC- V. cholerae and T. streptococci-FC. Major ions like Mg?, K?, NO3, Ca2? and PO4 along with TS and FC were identified to control the geochemical and microbial activities in the region. The magnesium hardness in the groundwater is inferred to influence the TVC and V. cholerae. The mixing of effluents from different sources reflected the association of Cl with TC. Population of microbes T. streptococci and FC was mainly associated with Ca and Cl content in groundwater, depicting the role of electron acceptors and donors. The sources of the microbial population were observed with respect to the land use pattern and the spatial distribution of hydrogeochemical factors in the region. The study inferred that highest microbial activity in the observed in the residential areas, cultivated regions and around the landfill sites due to the leaching of sewage water and fertilizers runoff into groundwater. The concentrations of ions and microbes were found to be above the permissible limits of drinking water quality standards. This may lead to the deterioration in the health of particular coastal region. Keywords Microbes Geochemistry Groundwater Correlation South India
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