Microfluidics Technology for Label-Free Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells
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REVIEW PAPER
Microfluidics Technology for Label-Free Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells P. Ajanth1 • A. Sudeepthi1 • A. K. Sen1
Received: 8 August 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 Ó The Institution of Engineers (India) 2020
Abstract Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are the tumor cells that get detached from a primary tumor site and enter bloodstream circulation that promotes the metastasis condition of cancer. The detection and analysis of CTCs hold significant clinical and research value in terms of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and drug development research. Isolation and analysis of CTCs are already proven as a promising tool for effective drug screening. CTCs in the circulation can be considered as biomarkers for the early-stage detection of cancer. CTCs also offer the opportunity to study, monitor, and ultimately gain insights into the process of cancer metastasis. Among the existing approaches, microfluidic technology has become a hot spot in CTC detection and isolation due to their promising features such as automation, high precision, accuracy and sensitivity, portability, that are amenable to the development of point-of-care devices. CTCs can be isolated from the blood by labeling the cells with tumor-specific biomarkers, but the use of chemicals for labeling may interfere with the downstream assay. This paper aims to review the label-free microfluidic techniques for the detection and isolation of CTCs that have the potential to preserve phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of isolated cells. The principle of operation, methodology, application, advantages, and limitations of the different
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-020-00617-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & A. K. Sen [email protected] 1
Micro Nano Bio–Fluidics Unit, Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
techniques are discussed. The performance of the different techniques is assessed based on several parameters such as capture efficiency, throughput, purity, sensitivity, and cell viability. Finally, a brief discussion on the challenges, commercialization aspects, and future perspectives is presented. Keywords Circulating tumor cells Microfluidics Point-of-care Cancer metastasis Detection and isolation Label-free techniques
Introduction Cancer is the second predominant cause of death worldwide, accounting for 9.6 million deaths every year [1]. In cancer conditions, cells having damaged or mutated DNA undergo uncontrolled cell division and produce a large number of identical cells, called cancer cells. Cancer tumors can be benign (which do not spread to the other organs) or malignant (which spread to the other organs). Cancer cells in malignant tumors possess the ability to detach from the tumor and invade into the circulatory system. The cancer cells that have entered into the circulatory system from the tumor sit
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