Molecular Monitoring and Phylogenetic Analysis of Betanodavirus in Groupers ( Epinephelus spp . ) and Asian Sea bass ( L
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Molecular Monitoring and Phylogenetic Analysis of Betanodavirus in Groupers (Epinephelus spp.) and Asian Sea bass (Lates calcarifer) of Iranian Northern Waters of the Persian Gulf Mina Ziarati1 · Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra2 · Farshid Kafilzadeh1 · Mohammad Kargar1 Received: 18 January 2020 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The emergence of diseases has caused much health and economic damage. Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) is considered as one of the most important threats to aquatic ecosystems. VNN can cause severe mortality and economic loss in fish farms. The high water temperatures in southern Iran and the observed incidences of fish mortality in the Persian Gulf led to the hypothesis of the possible emergence of VNN. Therefore, this study aimed to monitor two species of fish susceptible to VNN using PCR, and Nested PCR methods and comparing the sensitivity of these methods to the identification of Betanodavirus infection in apparently healthy and symptomatic fish. About 850 Grouper (Epinephelus spp.) and Asian Sea bass (Lates calcarifer) fish of the Persian Gulf were collected randomly and examined. Molecular methods were used to identify NNV in visibly healthy and symptomatic fish of the Persian Gulf of Iran. The results of the PCR showed no positive cases, but the Nested PCR revealed some positive results. Then, the phylogenetic analysis of the virus sequence was performed. The nucleotide sequence of Nested PCR products revealed a 98–100% homology with Red Spotted Grouper Viral Nervous Necrosis (RGNNV). This is the first report on VNN tracing and detection as well as phylogenetic analysis of the virus from the Persian Gulf of Iran. Therefore, considering the importance of emerging viral diseases and the irreparable damage they cause, continuous monitoring and epidemiological studies of VNN were recommended by authorized organizations.
Introduction Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) is an emerging viral disease in a wide variety of wild and farmed fish. This important aquatic pathogen belongs to the Nodaviridae family and the genus Betanodavirus, which targets nervous tissue preferentially the brain and retina. Betanodaviruses are small, nonenveloped viruses with a genome comprised of two positivesense ssRNA molecules. RNA1 is 3100 bp in length and encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, whereas RNA2 is 1400 bp in length and encodes the capsid coat protein [1, 2]. The basis for Betanodavirus identification in fish is the
* Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Islamic Republic of Iran
Scientific Information and Communication Department, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
2
detection of the variable region of the coat protein gene on RNA2 [3]. The virus causes acute and latent infections [4]. Acute infection of VNN causes
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